Given that HopF2, one of the homologs of HopF1, can suppress flg22-induced responses through targeting MKK5 in Arabidopsis, and BPMV vector-mediated expression of HopF1 also can block flg22-induced kinase activation in common bean (Fig. 1d), we considered IAP inhibitor that the MKK5 homolog was probably the virulence target of HopF1 for PTI inhibition in common bean. We originally sought to identify AtMKK5 homologs from the bean EST database, but no full-length cDNA sequence was acquired. The bean EST database contains two RIN4 orthologs,

PvRIN4a and PvRIN4b. Silencing either PvRIN4a or PvRIN4b enhanced flg22-induced PTI responses, and both the PvRIN4 orthologs have direct interaction with HopF1 (Figs 2 and 3). Although it was recently confirmed that AtRIN4 is required for HopF2 virulence function in Arabidopsis (Wilton et al., 2010), our results indicated that silencing PvRIN4 orthologs did not affect the functions of HopF1 for inhibiting PTI responses and promoting bacterial growth (Fig. 4). Why are PvRIN4 othologs as negative regulators of immunity targeted by hopF1? Based on current studies, two possible mechanisms are discussed. First, a decoy model was recently put forward to explain that RIN4 as the avirulence (Avr) target of http://www.selleckchem.com/Bcl-2.html Avr effectors possibly evolved from an original virulence target(s) of RIN4-interacted

effectors for PTI inhibition. RIN4 structurally mimicked the virulence Phospholipase D1 target(s) and competed for binding with these effectors (van der Hoorn & Kamoun, 2008). This model provides a plausible explanation for why RIN4 homologs perform as negative regulators given the virulence function of HopF1 indicated in our studies and AvrRpt2 reported previously (Belkhadir et al., 2004; Lim & Kunkel, 2004). Furthermore, it is possible that RIN4 as a mimic of a PTI signal mediator targeted by HopF family effectors could also competitively bind with signal mediators of PTI, but also has a function in mediating the PTI signaling. This perhaps explains why AtRIN4 and PvRIN4 perform as negative regulators of plant PTI indicated

previously and here (Kim et al., 2005). HopF2 displays virulence function in Arabidopsis but avirulence function in Nicotiana tabacum cv. W38. In some bean cultivars, such as Red Mexican, HopF1 is recognized by the R1 resistance protein and therefore acts as an avirulence effector (Tsiamis et al., 2000). As RIN4 orthologs directly interact with HopF, they possibly behave as the avirulence target(s) of HopF in these cultivars. HopF1-trigerred ETI can be inhibited by the effector AvrB2Psp (formerly AvrPphC) (Tsiamis et al., 2000), an allele of the AvrB family of T3SEs in Psp 1449B race 7, and AvrB has direct interaction with Arabidopsis RIN4. Our data support this inference. Secondly, HopF1 possibly interferes with ETI activation through acting on PvRIN4.