\n\nMETHODS: Ocular-fluid samples obtained from patients diagnosed with postoperative endophthalmitis were submitted to a microbiology laboratory for culture. One milliliter of microbial isolate suspension with a McFarland standard turbidity of 0.5 was mixed with 1 mL of 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% povidone-iodine solutions.

After 1 minute, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes of exposure at 37 C, each solution was transferred to appropriate culture media and incubated at 37 C for 24 hours.\n\nRESULTS: Organisms were isolated in 30 (68%) of the 44 patients evaluated. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was identified in 14

PXD101 in vivo cases (47%), Streptococcus URMC-099 species in 8 cases (27%), Staphylococcus aureus in 5 cases (17%), Bacillus cereus in 2 cases (6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 1 case (3%). Higher povidone-iodine concentrations and longer exposure times were more effective than lower povidone-iodine concentrations or shorter exposure in preventing growth of bacterial isolates. The most effective regimens were 5% povidone-iodine for 15 minutes and 10% povidone-iodine for at least 5 minutes. With a high bacterial load, 13% of bacterial isolates remain viable after exposure to 10% povidone-iodine, even with a long exposure time.\n\nCONCLUSION: Results indicate that using 5% povidone-iodine for 15 minutes or 10% povidone-iodine for 5 minutes can prevent the growth of most post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis bacterial Alvocidib clinical trial isolates.”
“A diode laser (LD)

clad-pumped narrow linewidth all-fiber Tm3+-doped fiber laser is reported with a maximal output power of 27W at 1.947 mu m. By successively splicing an LD pigtail fiber, a single-mode Tm3+-doped fiber, and a multi-mode Tm3+-doped fiber, the fiber laser has 70 pm narrow linewidth output, and a high slope efficiency of nearly 47.5% with respect to the launched pump power. The high reflectivity fiber Bragg gratings, which are directly written into the single-mode Tm3+-doped fiber core by the 800 nm femtosecond pulsed laser, act as the high reflectivity coupler. The output laser has diffraction-limited beam quality with a factor M-2 of 1.29, when the output laser power is nearly 27 W.

To test the use of this technique we compared the results obtained on vertebral body GANT61 ic50 trabecular bone with visual directionality and previous measurements by others. The method has been applied to six human pedicle samples in two orthogonal planes with results that provide reasonable proof-of-principle evidence that the method is well suited for estimating the directionality distribution

within pedicle bones.”
“BackgroundCognitive decline and accompanying neurological changes associated with non-CNS cancer diagnosis and treatment have been increasingly identified in a subset of patients. Initially believed to be because of neurotoxic effects of chemotherapy exposure, observation of cognitive decline in patients not treated with chemotherapy, cancer-diagnosed individuals prior to treatment, and patients receiving alternative treatment modalities (surgery, endocrine

therapy, and radiation) has led to the investigation of additional potential etiologies and moderating factors. Stressful experiences have long been posited as a contributor to these cognitive changes. Through reciprocal connectivity with peripheral systems, the brain maintains a dynamic circuitry to adapt to stress (allostasis). However, overuse of this system leads to dysregulation and contributes to pathophysiology (allostatic load). At this time, little research has been conducted to systematically examine the role of allostatic load in cancer-related selleck kinase inhibitor cognitive dysfunction. Methods and ResultsHere, we integrate theories of stress biology, neuropsychology, and coping and propose a model through which individuals with a high level of allostatic load at diagnosis may be particularly vulnerable to the neurocognitive effects of cancer. ConclusionsOpportunities for future research to test and extend proposed mechanisms are discussed in addition to points of prevention and intervention selleck chemical based on individual variation in stress

reactivity and coping skills. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Background: The clinical value of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) to detect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been questioned due to its low sensitivity and specificity. Other than AFP, several new serum biomarkers including glypican-3 (GPC3), des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), alpha-L-fucosidase enzyme (AFU) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been identified as useful HCC markers. Material and methods: A systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science and others was performed. Twenty-six case-control studies on HCC-related biomarkers published from 2000 to 2014 were included in this analysis. Data on sensitivity and specificity of tests were extracted and analyzed using the Meta-DiSc 1.4 statistical program. Fixed or random-effects models were used depending on the absence or presence of significant heterogeneity.

(C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Breast cancer-associated mutations affecting the highly-conserved C-terminal BRCT domains of the tumor

suppressor gene breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) fully disrupt the ability of BRCA1 to interact with acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase alpha (ACCA), the rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing de novo fatty acid biogenesis. Specifically, BRCA1 interacts solely with the phosphorylated (inactive) form of ACCA (P-ACCA), and the formation of the BRCA1/P-ACCA complex interferes with ACCA activity by preventing P-ACCA dephosphorylation. One of the hallmarks of aggressive cancer cells is a high rate of energy-consuming anabolic processes driving the synthesis of lipids, proteins, and DNA (all of which are regulated by the energy status of the cell). The ability of BRCA1 to stabilize S63845 inhibitor the phosphorylated/inactive form of ACCA strongly suggests that the tumor suppressive function of BRCA1

closely depends on its ability to mimic a cellular-low-energy status, which is known to block tumor cell anabolism and suppress the malignant phenotype. Interestingly, physical exercise and lack of obesity in adolescence have been associated with significantly delayed breast cancer onset for Ashkenazi Jewish women carrying BRCA1 gene mutations. Further clinical p38 MAPK signaling work may explore a chemopreventative role of “low-energy-mimickers” deactivating the ACCA-driven “lipogenic phenotype” in women with inherited mutations in BRCA1. This goal might be obtained with current therapeutic approaches useful in treating the metabolic syndrome and associated disorders in humans (e.g., type 2 diabetes and obesity), including metformin, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), calorie deprivation, and exercise. Alternatively, new forthcoming ACCA inhibitors may be relevant in the management of BRCA1-dependent breast cancer susceptibility and development. (C) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“Object. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) can be an alternative

option for carotid endarterectomy in the prevention of ischemic stroke caused by carotid artery stenosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of stent design on the incidence of procedural and postprocedural embolism selleck associated with CAS treatment.\n\nMethods. Ninety-six symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, consisting of 79 males and 17 females, with moderate to severe carotid artery stenosis and a mean age of 69.0 years were treated with CAS. The stent type (48 closed-cell and 48 open-cell stents) was randomly allocated before the procedure. Imaging, procedural, and clinical outcomes were assessed and compared. The symptomatic subgroup (76 patients) was also analyzed to determine the influence of stent design on outcome.\n\nResults.

“
“Scholars argue about whether age stereotypes (beliefs about old people) are becoming more negative or positive over time. No previous study has systematically tested the trend of age stereotypes over more than 20 years, due to lack of suitable data. Our aim was to fill this gap by investigating whether age stereotypes selleck inhibitor have changed over the last two centuries and, if so,

what may be associated with this change. We hypothesized that age stereotypes have increased in negativity due, in part, to the increasing medicalization of aging. This study applied computational linguistics to the recently compiled Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), a database of 400 million words that includes a range of printed sources from 1810 to 2009. After generating a comprehensive list of synonyms for the term elderly for these years from two historical thesauri,

we identified 100 collocates (words that co-occurred most frequently with these synonyms) for each of the 20 decades. Inclusion criteria for the collocates were: (1) appeared within four words of the elderly synonym, (2) referred to an old person, and (3) had a stronger association with the elderly synonym than other words appearing in the database for that decade. This yielded 13,100 collocates that were rated for negativity and medicalization. We found that age stereotypes have become more negative in a linear way over 200 years. In 1880, age stereotypes switched from being positive to being negative. In addition, support was found for two potential explanations. Medicalization of aging see more and the growing proportion of the population over the age of 65 were both significantly associated with the increase in negative age stereotypes. The upward trajectory of age-stereotype negativity makes a case for remedial action on a societal level.”
“Purpose Comparison Liproxstatin-1 chemical structure of optical coherence tomography (OCT) segmentation performance regarding technical accuracy and clinical relevance.

Methods 29 eyes were imaged prospectively with Spectralis (Sp), Cirrus (Ci), 3D-OCT 2000 (3D) and RS-3000 (RS) OCTs. Raw data were evaluated in validated custom software. A 1 mm diameter subfield, centred on the fovea, was investigated to compare identical regions for each case. Segmentation errors were corrected on each B-scan enclosed in this subfield. Proportions of wrongly segmented A-scans were noted for inner and outer retinal boundaries. Centre point thickness (CPT) and central macular thickness (CMT) were compared before and after correction. Results Segmentation errors occurred in 77% and affected on average 29% of A-scans, resulting in mean differences of 24/13 mu m (CPT/CMT). The incidence of segmentation errors was 48% (Sp), 79% (Ci), 86% (3D) and 93% (RS), p smaller than 0.001.

The highest paddy yield (6.02 t ha(-1)) was produced by standard line transplanting at Nankana sahib which was statistically PR-171 concentration at par with that recorded in the

same treatment at Sheikhupura and Gujranwala sites. The lowest paddy yield (3.3 t ha(-1)) was recorded in the treatment where nursery was randomly transplanted by the farmer in Kamoke tehsil. Data averaged across locations and years showed the highest paddy yield of 5.07 t ha(-1)were produced by the standard line transplanting which remained significantly different from both the other treatments (open & framer’s transplanting). The second highest value of paddy yield (4.33 t/ha) was produced by open transplanting treatment whereas farmer’s practice of random transplanting showed lowest paddy yield of 3.97 t/ha.”
“Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been popular drug targets for a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disease models, ranging from seizures to schizophrenia. The current study aimed to determine whether mGluRs participate in lateral hypothalamic (LH) stimulation of feeding. To this end, we used satiated adult male Sprague-Dawley rats stereotaxically implanted with indwelling bilateral LH guide cannulas to determine if injection of (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD), a broad mGluR HSP990 in vitro group I and II agonist, would elicit feeding. Administration of 100 nmol ACPD induced feeding with a

short latency. Similarly, unilateral LH injection of the selective mGluR group I agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) elicited significant feeding beginning 60 min post-injection and continuing until 4 h postinjection. Administration of the mGluR5 agonist, (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine

PKC412 in vivo (CHPG) produced a smaller delayed feeding response. These delayed but prolonged eating responses suggest that activation of LH mGluR1 and/or mGluR5 might be sufficient to elicit feeding. To determine which subtypes were involved, LH DHPG injections were preceded by LH injection of either the group I antagonist n-phenyl-7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropa[b]chromen-la-carboxamide (PHCCC), the mGluR1 antagonist 6-amino-n-cyclohexyl-n,3-dimethylthiazolo[3,2-a]benzimi dazole-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (YM-298198) or the mGluR5 antagonist 3-((2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl) pyridine (MTEP), and food intake was measured. PHCCC blocked DHPG-elicited feeding, and each of the other antagonists produced significant feeding suppression. These findings suggest roles for mGluR1 and/or mGluR5 in lateral hypothalamic circuits capable of stimulating feeding behavior. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Physico-chemical properties, biodistribution in animal tissues, and PDT efficacy of bacteriochlorin photosensitizers, namely cationic salts of synthetic meso-tetrakis(N-alkyl-3-pyridyl)bacteriochlorins were studied in HEp2 cell line and in the LLC mouse model.

Proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine ratio = 1.5) occurred in the absence of renal failure. Qualitative assessment of proteinuria by sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis revealed

a broad band with a molecular weight of approximately 15 kDa that was compatible with lysozyme (LZM). A diagnosis of tubular P005091 inhibitor proteinuria was made, and a chemical evaluation of LZM in serum and urine samples was performed using a turbidimetric assay. The LZM concentrations were 24.5 mg/l (reference interval: 2.5-8.0 mg/l) and 274.5 mg/l (reference interval: <2 mg/l) in serum and urine, respectively.”
“Introduction. The liver plays a key role in the removal of lipophyllic substances from the plasma, including both morphine and its derivative heroin. Intravenous heroin abuse leads to liver damages, so that the effects of heroin intake are the most marked

and characteristic in the liver.\n\nObjective. A histochemical and ultastructural study of the liver, particularly hepatocyte glycogen content, should provide a precise insight into the type and degree of liver damage induced by intravenous heroin abuse.\n\nMethods. The study included FK506 the analysis of 50 autopsies, 40 from the group of intravenous heroin abusers and 10 control autopsies. Paraffin sections, 5 gm thick, were stained by PAS method for deposited glycogen staining. The ultrastructural investigation was performed on transmission electron microscope.\n\nResults. HDAC activation Glycogen amount was reduced proportionally to the severity and distribution of degenerative and necrotic hepatocytic lesions. Regarding deposited glycogen depletion in particular acinar zones, glycogen was most preserved in zone 1 (30% of studied cases), then in zone 3 (preserved in 25%), while the depletion

was most significant in intermediary zone (preserved in 5%). In the intravenous heroin abusers group of up to 2 years glycogen was preserved in the acinar zones 1,2 and 3 in 43%, 30% and 57%, respectively; in the group of over 10 years glycogen preservation in zone 1 was 25% and in other zones 0%.\n\nConclusion. Intravenously administered heroin directly influences glycogen reduction in the hepatocytes, and the effect is potentiated by morphologic changes in the liver due to intravenous heroin abuse. Glycogen depletion in the hepatocytes reduces energy reserves in these cells and causes cell death, which is an important segment of general liver injury in intravenous heroin abusers. The degree of reduction of glycogen depositions is proportional to the duration of intravenous heroin abuse”
“Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a metabolic disorder of lysosomes to digest Asn-linked glycoproteins. The specific enzyme linked to AGU is a lysosomal hydrolase called glycosylasparaginase. Crystallographic studies revealed that a surface loop blocks the catalytic center of the mature hydrolase.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) activates guanylate cyclase receptors and increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels, which decrease in the lung during ischemia. In this study we investigated the effect on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury of administering synthetic ANP (carperitide) at the onset of reperfusion after warm ischemia.\n\nMethods: An isolated rat lung perfusion model was used. The rats were allocated into three groups: the control group; the ANP group; and the sham

group. In the control and ANP groups, the heart-lung block was exposed KU-57788 to 60 minutes of ischemia at 37 degrees C, and subsequently reperfused for 60 minutes. At the onset of reperfusion, either saline or ANP was added to the perfusate. In the sham group, lungs were continuously perfused without ischemia and only saline was added to the perfusate.\n\nResults: ANP significantly reduced pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary edema, and improved oxygenation. It also significantly increased cGMP levels in reperfused lungs. Histologically, lungs in the ANP group showed

significantly fewer signs of injury and fewer cells find more demonstrated apoptotic changes or single-stranded DNA than lungs in the control group.\n\nConclusions: Our results indicate that ANP administered at the onset of reperfusion increases cGMP in lung tissue and attenuates warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated perfused rat lung. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:628-34. Copyright (C) 2009 by Selleckchem ABT-263 the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.”
“This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cottonseed meal supplemented with lysine and enzyme on laying

hens performance and egg quality. Eighty Hy-Line W-36 white Leghorns were allotted for 12 weeks in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design, including four treatments and five replications with four birds in each. Treatments included: basal diet + 1% lysine + 0% enzyme; basal diet + 1% lysine + 0.025% enzyme; basal diet + 2% lysine + 0% enzyme; and basal diet + 2% lysine + 0.025% enzyme. Protein content in the magnum tissue was not significantly affected by different levels of lysine and enzyme, although magnum Protein:RNA ratio increased with 2% of lysine as compared with 1%. Moreover, jejunum DNA’s concentration was not significantly affected by lysine. Similarly, jejunum RNA:DNA ratio increased with 2% of lysine. Performance specificity significantly improved with 2% lysine and 0.025% enzyme. Diets supplemented with 2% lysine and 0.025% enzyme can improve performance, increase magnum protein synthesis and jejunum cell efficiency.

\n\nObjective: Compare and contrast pain in BPS/IC patients and controls using a whole-body diagram (visible body areas). Examine the association between patient adjustment factors and greater number of body pain areas (pain phenotypes).\n\nDesign,

NVP-HSP990 manufacturer setting, and participants: Validated questionnaires were collected from diagnosed, tertiary-care, outpatient, female BPS/IC patients (n = 193) and age-matched controls (n = 115). Scales included a body pain area diagram, demographics/history, pain severity, BPS/IC symptoms, pain, depression, catastrophizing, and QoL.\n\nOutcome measurements and statistical analysis: Cross-tabulation and analysis of variance models addressed the patient and control differences.\n\nResults and limitations: Patients reported more pain than controls in all reported body areas. Four AG 14699 pain phenotypes were created based on increasing counts of body locations (BPS/IC only, BPS/IC + plus 1-3 additional locations, BPS/IC plus 4-9, BPS/IC >= 10). Patients reported more body pain locations, pain, urinary symptoms, depression, catastrophizing, and diminished QoL than controls. The increased-pain phenotype was associated

with poorer psychosocial adjustment and diminished physical QoL, but catastrophizing and low scores for mental QoL remained stable across all patient groups. This study was cross-sectional, relying on correlation-based analyses, thus causality cannot be established.\n\nConclusions: Patients reported numerous systemic pain symptoms outside the areas associated with the bladder/pelvic region, and increased numbers of body pain sites were associated with poorer patient outcomes (ie, pain severity, depression). This study illustrates the significant negative impact of pain on patient adjustment in BPS/IC. These findings suggest that clinicians carefully consider pain location distributions and the potential impact of body pain phenotypes during patient evaluation and treatment planning. (C) 2012 European Association of Urology. Published

by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.”
“The isothermal equation of state of rhenium has been measured by powder X-ray diffraction selleck chemical experiments up to 144GPa at room temperature in a diamond anvil cell. A helium pressure transmitting medium was used to minimize the non-hydrostatic stress on the sample. The fit of pressure-volume data yields a bulk modulus K-0 = 352.6GPa and a pressure derivative of the bulk modulus K-0′ = 4.56. This equation of state differs significantly from a recent determination [Dubrovinsky et al., Nat. Commun. 3, 1163 (2012)], giving here a lower pressure at a given volume. The possibility of using rhenium gasket X-ray diffraction signal, with the present equation of state, to evaluate multi-Mbar pressures in the chamber of diamond anvil cells is discussed. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Background: Saudi Arabia has a declining rate of breastfeeding and increasing levels of childhood asthma and atopic disease.

Phase C: Intraobserver agreement: ICC = 0.90; SDD = 6.8 JSN units (11.0%). lnterobserver agreement: ICC = 0.92 and SDD = 6.2 JSN units (8.7%). The correlation (ICC) with the SvdH radiographic JSN score of the wrist/hand was 0.77. Simplified approaches evaluating fewer joint spaces demonstrated similar selleck reliability and correlation with radiographic scores.\n\nConclusion. An MRI scoring system of JSN in RA wrist and MCP joints

was developed and showed construct validity and good intra- and interreader agreements. The system may, after further validation in longitudinal data sets, be useful as an outcome measure in RA. (J Rheumatol 2011;38:2045-50; doi:10.3899/jrheum.110422)”
“To illustrate the impact on the validity of trial results due to excluding patients from a randomized controlled trial for whom no deferred consent could be obtained after randomization Nutlin-3 supplier because

study procedures had already been finished.\n\nThe unadjusted and adjusted primary outcome measures of a recent randomized controlled multicentre study in the field of intensive care medicine were compared, including (n = 348) or excluding (n = 289) patients with missing deferred consent.\n\nThirty-nine patients (11%) died early, before the patient or his/her proxy could be approached and consent be obtained. In another 20 patients (6%), it was not possible to inform proxies and ask consent within the period of study procedures. A significant treatment effect (p = 0.006) in the adjusted analysis became non-significant GSK1904529A (p = 0.35) when the patients with missing deferred consent were excluded.\n\nExclusion of patients without obtained deferred consent can reduce statistical power, introduce selection bias, make randomization asymmetrical, decrease external validity and thereby jeopardize study results. This may have implications for emergency research in various disciplines.”
“The aim of the present study is to quantify the degree of the error as a

function of the left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, in calculation of the ejection fraction (EF) using gated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The essential error of quantitative gated SPECT (QGS) software in patients with myocardial hypertrophy has not been quantitatively estimated.\n\nForty-six patients with known or suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy underwent gated myocardial perfusion SPECT and cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The EF value was automatically calculated from gated SPECT using the QGS software. Twelve points of regional LV wall thickness and the EF value were estimated from MR images.\n\nOnly a fair correlation was found between the QGS-EF and the MR-EF values (r = 0.48, y = 0.49x + 26.80, p < 0.01), and the QGS-EF was underestimated (r = 0.25, y = 0.90x) in 30 patients with myocardial hypertrophy (mean wall thickness > 12 mm).

These quiescent cells overexpressed the tyrosine kinase c-Yes that became activated and membrane-associated upon 5FU exposure. This enhanced signaling pathway induced the dissociation of

the Yes/YAP (Yes-associated protein) molecular complex and depleted nuclear YAP levels. Consistently, YES1 silencing decreased nuclear YAP accumulation and induced cellular quiescence in 5F31 cells cultured in 5FU-free medium. Importantly, YES1 and YAP transcript levels were higher in liver metastases of patients www.selleckchem.com/products/17-AAG(Geldanamycin).html with colon cancer after 5FU-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Moreover, the YES1 and YAP transcript levels positively correlated with colon cancer relapse and shorter patient survival (P smaller than 0.05 and P smaller than 0.025, respectively). Conclusions: We identified c-Yes and YAP as potential molecular targets to eradicate quiescent cancer cells and dormant micrometastases during 5FU chemotherapy and resistance and as predictive survival markers for colon cancer. (C)2013 AACR.”
“Multiple tines of evidence have demonstrated that gambogic acid (GA) is an efficient apoptosis inducing agent. However, the mechanisms of GA induced apoptosis

have been controversial, despite the tremendous effort made during recent years. Here we report a novel mechanism through which GA induces cell apoptosis. Instead of dealing with tumor cells directly, GA first selleck inhibitor activates inactive T lymphocytes, which in turn triggers cancer cell apoptosis. This is supported by the observation that GA inhibited tumor growth and extended the survival time of mice bearing H-22 tumor. cDNA microarray analysis indicated that 22.92% of the 48 genes that were affected with GA treatment were immune related genes. RT-PCR assay revealed that GA up-regulated MHC-II and TCR transcriptions, implicating that GA activates T lymphocytes to induce tumor cell

apoptosis in vivo. HE staining showed that T lymphocytes penetrated into tumor tissues after GA administration. Western blotting revealed that GA enhanced CD4(+) and CD8(+) expressions. GW4869 ic50 Annexin-V/PI double-staining and DNA ladder assays confirmed that GA induced tumor cell apoptosis. In summary, this report demonstrated, for the first time, that GA mainly activates T lymphocytes to induce cancer cell apoptosis in H22 transplanted mice. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“To investigate the acute effect of a hot, humid and ozone-polluted (O(3)) environment on lung inflammation and oxidative tress of runners performing 8 km time trial run. Using a single-blinded randomized design, 10 male athletes (mean (V) over dotO(2max) = 64.4 mlO(2) kg(-1) min(-1), SD = 4.4) took part in a time trial run in four different environmental conditions: 20 degrees C + 50% relative humidity (rh) (Control); 20 degrees C + 50% rh + 0.