Any trials on which selleck chemicals llc a participant provided this response were discarded from the subsequent analysis, as were trials on which participant failed to provide a response to either of the ratings [mean number of excluded trials 1.53 (SD 2.5)]. Participants then had 2 sec to rest before the start of the next trial. Following the scoring procedure of Intraub and Richardson (1989), each response

was scored from −2 to 2 where −2 meant “much closer-up”, −1 meant “a little closer-up”, 0 meant “the same”, 1 meant “a little further away”, and 2 meant “much further away”. The mean score across all trials was calculated for each participant, providing an overall BE score. This score indicates the degree of bias towards one

response over another. If participants show no bias in response, the score will be 0. However, if they display a BE effect, the score will be negative, due to the greater number of closer responses. In order to determine whether the group of participants as a whole displayed a significant BE effect, we compared the BE scores to 0 C59 wnt molecular weight using a t-test. We also performed a second analysis where we investigated the proportion of each response type (Closer, Same, Further), ignoring the degree of subjective distance (i.e., whether it was “much” or “a little” further/closer). For this analysis we calculated the percentage of response trials falling into each of the three categories for each participant, and compared them using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). MRI data were Depsipeptide chemical structure collected

using a 3 T Magnetom Allegra head-only MRI scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) operated with the standard transmit-receive head coil. Functional MRI data were acquired in one session with a BOLD-sensitive T2*-weighted single-shot echo-planar imaging sequence which was optimised to minimise signal dropout in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) (Weiskopf et al., 2006). The sequence used a descending slice acquisition order with a slice thickness of 2 mm, an interslice gap of 1 mm, and an in-plane resolution of 3 × 3 mm. Forty eight slices were collected covering the entire brain, resulting in a repetition time of 2.88 sec. The echo time was 30 msec and the flip angle 90°. All data were acquired at a −45° angle to the anterior–posterior axis. In addition, field maps were collected for subsequent distortion correction (Weiskopf et al., 2006). These were acquired with a double-echo gradient echo field map sequence (TE = 10 and 12.46 msec, TR = 1020 msec, matrix size 64 × 64, with 64 slices, voxel size = 3 mm3) covering the whole head. After these functional scans, a 3D MDEFT T1-weighted structural scan was acquired for each participant with 1 mm isotropic resolution (Deichmann et al., 2004). Neuroimaging data were analysed using SPM8.