As a result, many bacteria have acquired a considerable proportio

As a result, many bacteria have acquired a considerable proportion of their genetic diversity from distantly related organisms by horizontal gene transfer (Ochman et al., 2000). The deduced amino acid sequences of the SXT genes shared 97–100% identity with IDH mutation that of V. cholerae Ind4, V. fluvialis, Proteus mirabilis, Shewanella putrefacians, P. rettgeri, and Proteus vulgaris. We observed that the strains AN44 and AN60 were resistant to streptomycin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim,

and sulfamethoxazole, which phenotypically confirms the presence of SXT integrase. This study allowed the identification of two new species harboring ICEs (Marinomonas sp. strain AN44 and V. fortis strain AN60) in aquatic environment. The remaining strains tested in this study lacked SXT/R391 ICEs gene (Table 1). Majority of the isolates displayed resistance to neomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, PD-0332991 nmr and sulfamethoxazole (94–100%). Seven strains displayed resistance to chloramphenicol that indicates less abundance of genes coding for chloramphenicol acyltransferase (41%). Resistance to other antibiotics was found in 72% (trimethoprim), 61% (nalidixic acid), and 50% (rifampicin). Antibiotic resistance pattern found in these bacterial strains suggests that some of the antibiotic resistance could be encoded in the

SXT/ICEs or in other mobile genetic elements. The presence of diversity in antibiotic resistance in these strains might constitute a pool of genes capable of moving among bacteria in the aquatic environment (Jacobs & Chenia, 2007). Recently, it has been demonstrated that in several vibrios, the mobile genetic elements such as SXT ICEs can contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance determinants in closed aquaculture environments (Rodríguez-Blanco et al., 2012). However, there has been no report on the presence of SXT integrase in V. fortis and Marinomonas strains isolated from any ecological niche. Our findings showed that SXT element–bearing drug resistance markers are present in Marinomonas species and V. fortis

isolated from the coral mucus F. echinata. These results provide another example of the spread of resistance genes in remote natural bacterial Dynein population. We are grateful to the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Wildlife Division, Government of India, and The Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife), Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair, for officially allowing us to collect coral samples from the Andaman Sea. This work was supported in part by the funding received from the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India (MoES/11-MRDF/1/59/P/08). The authors, JB and PK, acknowledge the Department of Biotechnology, and University Grant Commission, Government of India, New Delhi, respectively, for providing the junior research fellowship. “
“Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin shares structurally five conserved blocs with the other δ-endotoxins.

Comments are closed.