Episodic migraineurs and control participants were then assessed

Episodic migraineurs and control participants were then assessed for multivariate outliers by group using Mahalanobis distance; 1 multivariate outlier (control participant) was identified using a conservative P < .001 chi-square cut-off and thus removed prior to analyses. Independent t-tests were used to compare migraineurs and non-migraine www.selleckchem.com/products/Everolimus(RAD001).html controls on the 3 variables of sleep disturbance (ie, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, sleep hygiene), depression, and anxiety. Chi-square analyses were then used to assess clinically significant group differences on measures with established clinical cut-offs. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to compare the groups on specific

sleep hygiene behaviors as indexed by the 13 SHI items while controlling for family-wise Type I error rates. A

series of linear regression analyses was used to assess relations between the 3 sleep disturbance variables and migraine frequency, severity, and disability both before and after adjusting for symptoms depression and anxiety (entered simultaneously). Of the 292 participants with sleep quality data, 204 (69.9%) were female. The mean age was 19.19 years (standard deviation [SD] = 3.21); 38.0% were of ethnic minority status. Of these, 78 (26.7%) met ICHD-II criteria for episodic migraine (74.4% female). Six participants met diagnostic criteria for CM and thus were excluded AZD9668 solubility dmso from subsequent analyses; the remaining 208 without migraine served as controls (67.3% female). Percentage of female participants did not differ significantly between groups. Among migraineurs, average migraine frequency was 5.26 days per month (SD = 3.90; range = 1-14 days/month; 39.2% with >5 days/month) and average severity

was 6.70 (SD = 1.51) on a scale of 1-10. Over half (55.8%) of the episodic migraineurs reported moderate or severe headache-related disability on the MIDAS (27.2% moderate; 28.6% severe). The 3 measures of sleep disturbance 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase correlated significantly (P < .001) with one another (PSQI and ESS: r = 0.31; PSQI and SHI: r = 0.44; ESS and SHI: r = 0.29) but not close to a level at which multicollinearity would be of concern. Table 1 presents group differences on the 3 variables of sleep disturbance. Episodic migraineurs obtained significantly higher mean total scores on both the PSQI (indicative of poorer sleep quality) and SHI (indicative of poorer sleep hygiene) but did not differ from controls on mean daytime sleepiness. Group differences in sleep quality were replicated with comparisons of clinically significant scores on the PSQI (scores >5; 85.9% of migraineurs vs 62.0% of controls, P = .0001). Similarly, a higher proportion of migraineurs endorsed excessive daytime sleepiness on the ESS (scores ≥10; 54.6% vs. 40.7%, P = .037). An optimal cut-off for the SHI has not been established, although the aforementioned mean difference of 1.

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