Furthermore, even at low doses, remission was durable. A total dose of 8 μg resulted in 53% long-term remission for up to 24 weeks after treatment. This is comparable Ivacaftor purchase to the 56% remission in the 250 μg total dose regimen, despite the difference of > 30-fold in dose. It has been reported that single high doses [one dose of 18–50 μg of anti-CD3 mAb F(ab′)2] produce similarly high remission rates; however, the mice that responded favourably to such treatment were within a very limited glycaemia range (300–349 mg/dl) at the start of treatment, making a direct comparison with our data difficult.24

Various PD parameters were evaluated in mice that received monoclonal anti-CD3 F(ab′)2. Modulation of the CD3–TCR complex on peripheral T cells was dose-dependent. Interestingly, as little as 30% modulation of the CD3–TCR complex, elicited by the 2 μg (4×/72 hr) dose regimen, was sufficient to induce high rates of durable remission in new-onset diabetic NOD mice. The difference in the level of modulation of the CD3–TCR complex between the 2 μg (4×/72 hr) dose regimen and the less effective dose regimen of 1 μg (4×/72 hr) was not large –∼30% versus 20%– but it was statistically significant. We estimate

Tipifarnib order that the 2 μg (4×/72 hr) dose regimen results in having antibody occupy as little as one-fifth of the total number of CD3 molecules in the mouse. Overall, this work demonstrated that in the NOD mouse model: (i) sustained modulation of the CD3–TCR complex during the dosing period was not required for efficacy and remission can occur at lower doses that produce only transient modulation of the CD3–TCR complex, and (ii) partial modulation of the CD3–TCR complex on circulating lymphocytes was sufficient to induce remission. By the end of dosing, there were transient decreases in lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood, similar to that observed in clinical studies with otelixizumab, but they

were not strictly dose dependent.14 Also, at the end of dosing, there were reductions in the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and a marked increase in the proportion of CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells Parvulin in the peripheral blood. Similar changes have been observed in new-onset type 1 diabetic subjects administered otelixizumab.14 In NOD mice, the altered proportions of T-cell subsets were not strictly dose dependent, although they tended to be more marked at higher doses. Given that similar PD effects occurred in both mice that entered remission and in those that remained diabetic, these PD parameters alone could not be used to predict response to monoclonal anti-CD3 F(ab′)2 treatment in NOD mice.