HLA-DR3/DR4 alleles were also analysed. All T1AD patients satisfied the American Diabetes Association (ADA) classification criteria for type 1A diabetes [37]. This project was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research Project Analysis of Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine. All the DZNeP purchase samples were collected after the patients were provided with guidance and had signed a consent form. Autoantibodies against insulin

(IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), tyrosine phosphatase (IA2) and 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) were assessed by radioimmunoassay (RSR Limited, Cardiff, UK). Autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG) were evaluated by fluorometry (AutoDELPHIA, Turku, Finland). Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), anti-liver/kidney microsomal

type 1 antibody (LKM1) and anti-smooth muscle (ASM) antibody were quantified using indirect immunofluorescence. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was evaluated using nephelometry, and TSH receptor autoantibody (TRAb) was assessed using iodine radioreceptor assay (RSR Limited). Genomic DNA was extracted by salting-out in blood leucocytes. The region encompassing −448 to +83 base pairs (bp) of the IL-21 gene was amplified and sequenced from samples of 309 Brazilian T1AD patients and 189 control individuals. The following click here primers were used for the IL-21 gene: (−448) forward: 5′-CCTTATGACTGTCAGAGAGAACA-3′ and (+83) reverse: 5′-CTTGATTTGTGGACCAGTGTC-3′. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain

reaction (PCR)-amplified products was performed using an ABI 3100 capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Tokyo, Roflumilast Japan) with the ABI PRISM BigDye Terminator version 3·1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems) and analysed using an ABI PRISM 3730 genetic analyser (Applied Biosystems). The following PCR amplification reaction primers were used: PTPN22 forward: 5′-TCACCAGCTTCCTCAACCACA-3′ and PTPN22 reverse: 5′-GATAATGTTGCTTCAACGGAATTT-3′. PCR amplification products were digested enzymatically using the Xcml restriction enzyme (Uniscience-New England BioLabs, Inc., Ipswich, MA, USA), which resulted in a 215-bp product for the CC variant (wild-type); 215-bp, 169-bp and 46-bp products for the CT variant; and 169-bp and 46-bp products for the TT variant. PTPN22 genotyping was performed in 689 controls and 434 T1AD patients. All results were confirmed using an RsaI restriction enzyme assay (Uniscience). HLA class II typing for DRB1 was performed using PCR with One Lambda’s SSP™ Generic HLA class II (DRB) DNA typing trays (One Lambda, Canoga Park, CA, USA).