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declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions DCI, DM-R, RLZH and XR contributed to the manufacture of the nanorod arrays and solar cells. DCI and DM-R collected SEM images. JHL and HW did the TEM characterization. DCI, DM-R, KPM, JW, ACJ, HS, XR, RLZH and LS-M performed solar cell measurements. DCI Urease and KPM performed absorption and reflectance measurements. DCI, DM-R and JLMD drafted the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. All authors read and FK228 cell line approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Graphene, which is an ideal two-dimensional (2D) system, has been attracting worldwide interest since its discovery in 2004 [1]. While the sizes of mechanically exfoliated graphene are limited, its ultrahigh quality allows one to observe fascinating physical phenomena such as ambipolar characteristics [1], anomalous integer quantum Hall steps [1], Berry’s phase [2, 3], and fractional quantum Hall effect [4–6]. On the other hand, graphene prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and epitaxial graphene can be used for potential device applications because the sizes of these systems should allow realization of wafer-scale integrated circuits based on graphene [7]. When a charge system is appreciably heated by a driving current, the equilibrium between the phonons and the charges collapses.