Res Q Exerc Sport 1993, 64:348–351.PubMedCrossRef 40. Martins RA, Cunha

MR, Neves AP, Martins M, Teixeira-Verissimo M, Teixeira AM: Effects of aerobic conditioning on salivary IgA and plasma IgA, IgG and IgM in older men and women. Int J Sports Med 2009, 30:906–912.PubMedCrossRef 41. MacIntyre DL, Sorichter S, Mair J, Berg A, McKenzie DC: Markers of inflammation and myofibrillar proteins following eccentric exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001, 84:180–186.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions LAC designed the study, secured funding, and was involved in the data collection and analysis, as well as manuscript preparation. RWK assisted Nutlin-3a cell line with both

data and statistical analyses, and manuscript development. AJK provided assay support, statistical and data analyses, and assisted with manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Carbohydrate (CHO) plays a major role as an energy this website source for active muscle during high-intensity exercise [1]. Moreover, the increased capacity of fat utilization is known to improve exercise capacity [2]. Therefore, an intervention which increases fat utilization may be important for endurance of athletes. Diet and exercise training are known to increase fat utilization during exercise [3]. It is not known whether this can be enhanced further by dietary supplement interventions which increase fat oxidation in untrained individuals. Endurance training has been shown to improve fat utilization [4]. Paclitaxel concentration Possible mechanisms proposed by a recent study involve changes in fatty acid transport protein content in whole muscle (FAT/CD36 and FABPpm), sarcolemmal (FABPpm) and mitochondrial (FAT/CD36) membranes in female human skeletal muscles [5]. Diets containing

antioxidants and branch chain amino acids (BCAAs) are reported to have potential effects on fat utilization [6, 7]. The antioxidant, BAY 73-4506 clinical trial vitamin C is perhaps one of the most widely used vitamins in the world today. Johnston et al. [6] reported that vitamin C is important for fat oxidation. This may be due to ascorbic acid (vitamin C) being a co-factor for the biosynthesis of carnitine, a molecule required for fatty acid oxidation [8]. This may contribute to increased utilization of fatty acids in triglycerides as a fat source for muscle contraction, resulting in lower serum triglyceride levels [9]. Leucine, the most utilized BCAA, was found to enhance fat oxidation in obese animals and overweight or obese subjects [10, 11]. De Araujo et al. [12] showed that supplementation with BCAAs (i.e. leucine, isoleucine, or valine) increases hepatic and muscle glycogen concentrations in exercised rats, suggesting greater fat utilization during exercise [7]. A previous study, however, reported an opposite result [13].