Results: The mean examination score (and Standard deviation) was 73.8% +/- 9.7% for medical students and 62.3% +/- 11% for physician assistant students (95% confidence interval [CI], -13.8 to 0.00; p < 0.05). Medical students with an interest in orthopaedics as a career scored significantly higher than those without an expressed orthopaedic interest,

and medical students without buy GW4869 an expressed career interest in orthopaedics scored significantly higher than physician assistant students (p < 0.05). Among medical students, a longer duration of a clinical rotation in orthopaedics was associated with a higher examination score (p < 0.05). The average number of hours of preclinical musculoskeletal education in the first two Years of school was significantly higher for medical schools (122.1 +/- 25.1 hours) than for physician assistant schools (89.8 +/- 74.8 hours) (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Graduating medical students scored significantly higher than graduating physician assistant students on this website the NBME MSK. This may be related to multiple factors, and further studies are necessary to evaluate the overall musculoskeletal clinical competence of both groups of students.”
“Methylene blue (MB) is a diaminophenothiazine with potent antioxidant and unique

redox properties that prevent morphologic degenerative changes in the mouse retina induced by rotenone, a specific mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. This study evaluated pigmented rats to determine whether MB’s neuroprotective effects against rotenone-mediated retinal neurotoxicity have functional relevance and whether these effects are mediated by an improvement

in neuronal energy metabolism in vivo. Visual function was behaviorally assessed by determining differences in the illuminance sensitivity threshold pre- and post-bilateral intravitreal injection of rotenone (200 mu g/kg) or rotenone Selleck BX-795 plus MB (70 mu g/kg). Retinal degeneration was morphologically studied using unbiased stereological tools. Changes in histochemically determined cytochrome oxidase activity in the visual pathway were used to evaluate the impact of treatments on neuronal energy metabolism. Rotenone induced a 1.4 log unit increase in the illumination threshold compared to baseline, as well as a 32% decrease in ganglion cell layer cell (GCL) density, and a 56% decrease in GCL layer + nerve fiber layer thickness. Co-administration of MB prevented the changes in visual function and the retinal histopathology. Furthermore, rotenone induced a functional deafferentation of the visual system, as revealed by decreases in the metabolic activity of the retina, superior colliculus, and visual cortex. These metabolic changes were also prevented by MB.