They shared high similarities among the strains but showed < 60% similarities against

strain GG. The second cluster contained strain GG, LMG 23520, LMG 23525, LMG 23534, and LMG 25859 (LGG and derivative strains cluster). These strains shared over 90% similarities among the strains. DSM 20021T was located distantly from other tested strains (Fig. 4). PCR-based strain-specific identification using strain-specific primers has been reported for several probiotics (Maruo et al., 2006; Sisto et al., 2009). This Selleckchem Apitolisib technique is a valuable tool for identifying probiotics in commercialized products and monitoring the population of probiotics in human specimens in intervention studies. The specificity of the primers used is a key to accuracy in this technique. The present findings clearly indicated that the L. rhamnosus GG strain-specific PCR system targeting the Cabozantinib concentration putative transposase gene produces an amplicon from human clinical isolates and dairy isolates (Table 1). This result is contradictory to the findings of Ahlroos & Tynkkynen (2009). The difference may be attributable to the small number of L. rhamnosus strains, only

six strains of L. rhamnosus including the strain GG, used for evaluation of specificity by these authors. Egyptian dairy isolates, strains LMG 18025, LMG 18030, and LMG 18038, were clearly distinguished from L. rhamnosus GG by fingerprinting (Figs. 1, 2, and 3) but produced an amplicon by the PCR (Table 1). These strains belonged Methamphetamine to the same cluster elicited by the numerical analysis (Fig. 4), but showed only weak similarities to LGG, meaning that the primer pair involves a risk of false detection of non-LGG strains.

Interestingly, all these strains originated from Egyptian dairy products, suggesting that the transposase gene might be transferred horizontally between strains in Egyptian fermented food. These strains had no amplicons by the specific PCR system targeting the phage-related gene (Table 1). Among the set of strains tested, none produced amplicons in the PCR system targeting the phage-related gene when the strains had no amplicons in the system targeting the transposase gene. These results suggest that the detection system targeting the phage-related gene described by Brandt & Alatossava (2003) is more specific than that targeting the transposase gene described by Ahlroos & Tynkkynen (2009). Phage-related genes have been used to design strain-specific primers in related taxa (Fujimoto et al., 2011). Strains LMG 23320, LMG 23325, LMG 23534, and LMG 25859 produced an expected size of amplicon in both systems (Table 1). These strains produced profiles very similar to strain GG by fingerprinting analyses (Figs. 1, 2, and 3) and showed marked similarities to strain GG based on numerical analysis (Fig. 4). This might imply that they are identical to LGG or derivative strains of it.