6% with partial sight certification, 0% blind). Our study population was nearly 4 years older at the time of the last visit than that of Ang and Eke, and our follow-up time was also longer (11.2 vs 7.4 years). Both of these factors may contribute to higher numbers of visually disabled patients in Malmö. Goh and associates10 also found lower rates of visual disability, but defined low vision and blindness by VA alone, which leads to falsely

low rates. In accordance with findings in several other BKM120 studies,4, 8, 21 and 22 approximately 35% (33 of 97) of all blind patients would have been missed if impairment had been based on VA alone. Over the last 15 years some longitudinal studies have reported

rates of blindness caused by OAG at different points in time after diagnosis. Hattenhauer and associates4 found a 54% risk for unilateral blindness and a 22% risk for bilateral blindness after 20 years in treated patients Nintedanib with “classic glaucoma” (defined as patients with field loss). The estimated risks for blindness in 1 or both eyes 10 years after diagnosis were 26% and 7%, respectively. Kwon and associates5 reported a cumulative rate of unilateral blindness for glaucoma patients followed with Goldmann perimetry (40 patients) of 19% at 22 years. More recently, Chen3 analyzed 186 patients with open-angle glaucoma diagnosed in 1975 or later and found a 14.6% risk for unilateral blindness and a 6.4% risk for bilateral blindness after 15 years. Considering that improved methods both for diagnosis Bay 11-7085 and for treatment have certainly become available after the late 1970s, one would expect lower rates of low vision and blindness in our study compared to those of Hattenhauer and perhaps similar numbers to those of Chen. Instead, our results are similar to those found

in the Olmsted population4 when comparing our cumulative incidence rates calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. On the other hand, impairment rates in the present study calculated by the competing risk method are approximately twice as high as those reported by Chen. One explanation is that we followed patients to death, in contrast to Chen. In our population blindness almost always occurred at high ages and only 13 patients became blind before 80 years of age. We also had a higher percentage of patients with exfoliative glaucoma in our study population (40.2%) than both Hattenhauer and associates (8.5%) and Chen (14 %), which could contribute to the high rates of blindness in our study. The mean duration of diagnosed disease of 11.2 years in the current study is similar to the estimate of 12.8 years reported in 1997 by Quigley and Vitale.11 Mean duration of blindness was only 3 years.