Unless

otherwise specified, all data reported were averaged from the number of macaques indicated in the figure legends. Results are shown as means ± SEM. Data were analysed using Prism (v5.03; GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). A P-value of ≤ 0·05 was considered statistically significant. Previous studies have identified macaque NK cells as CD3− lymphocytes that are positive for CD8α and CD159a, while lacking CD14 and CD8β expression.29 However, expression of the NK cell-associated lineage markers click here CD16 and CD56, as well as perforin, have also been detected in CD8α− NK cells of humans.32,33 Given this, and in view of the increasing interest in elucidating NK effector mechanisms in SIV and SHIV macaque models, we investigated whether rhesus macaque CD3− CD8α− cells also included NK cells. Two candidate NK subpopulations,

based on their CD8α expression patterns, were identified in rhesus macaque PBMCs as CD3− CD14− CD20−/dim cells within a large side-scatter versus forward-scatter lymphocyte singlet gate (Fig. 1a). Cells in these two subsets were negative for the common lineage markers CD4, CD8β, CD123, γδTCR and CD19 (data not shown). Proportionally, CD3− lymphocytes accounted for 28·62 ± 6·92% of CD14− circulating lymphocytes (Fig. 1b).Within the CD3− compartment, CD8α− and CD8α+ cells represented 19·8 ± 7·1% and 34·3 ± 17·4% of CD3− CD14− CD20−/dim cells, respectively (Fig. 1c). Natural killer cells can be identified by surface expression of the classical cell lineage markers CD16 and CD56, as well as a number of inhibitory/activating receptors and intracellular cytotoxic proteins.8 To determine if CD8α− NK cells comprise selleck products Amino acid a subpopulation of macaque NK cells, we used polychromatic flow cytometry to detect co-expression of NK cell-associated markers. As shown in the representative histograms (Fig. 2a), CD8α− NK cells expressed

CD16, CD56, granzyme B and perforin, but no expression of NKG2A, CD161, NKp46 and NKp30 was detected. On the other hand, CD8α+ NK cells stained positively for all of the above-mentioned molecules (Fig. 2a, bottom row). Further analysis revealed that CD8α− and CD8α+ NK cells expressed comparable levels of the Integrin α-X (CD11c) on their surface; while NKG2D expression was more abundant on CD8α+ NK cells (approximately 85%) compared with CD8α− NK cells (approximately 18%, Fig. 2b). Only CD8α− NK cells expressed HLA-DR on their surface (Fig. 2b). Given the fact that granzyme B and perforin are crucial for NK cell cytolytic function,38 we evaluated the co-expression of these two proteins in the NK cell subpopulations. Approximately 10% of CD8α− NK cells co-expressed granzyme B and perforin (Fig. 2c), indicating cytolytic potential for this NK cell subpopulation. On the other hand, in agreement with their known cytolytic capability,30 approximately 46% of macaque CD8α+ NK cells co-expressed these two proteins.