The effects of VHF mixing on plasma characteristics, especially its spatial profile, are investigated using both computational

modeling and Quisinostat diagnostic experiments. The two-dimensional plasma model includes the full set of Maxwell equations in their potential formulation. The plasma simulation results show that electron density peaks at the center of the chamber at 180 MHz due to the standing electromagnetic wave. Electrostatic effects at the electrode edges tend to get stronger at lower VHFs such as 60 MHz. When the two rf sources are used simultaneously and power at 60 MHz is gradually increased, the ion flux becomes uniform and then transitions to peak at electrode edge. These results are corroborated by Langmuir probe measurements of ion saturation current. VHF mixing is therefore an effective method for dynamically controlling plasma uniformity. The plasma is stronger and more confined when the 60 MHz source is connected to the smaller bottom electrode compared to the top electrode.”
“Background: Legg-Calve-Perthes disease consists of idiopathic osteonecrosis. of the femoral head, causing proximal femoral growth deformity. Recent advances in surgical technique have permitted safe surgical dislocation of the hip, allowing selleck kinase inhibitor for correction of femoracetabular impingement. The purpose of this study was to characterize the location and number of lateral epiphyseal arteries supplying the femoral

head in children with healed Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.

Methods: This retrospective study included nineteen children (twenty-two hips) with a diagnosis of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (the LCPD group) and a matched control group of seventeen children (twenty hips) with developmental hip dysplasia. All patients underwent high-resolution contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize

the path of the medial femoral circumflex artery and the lateral epiphyseal artery branches supplying the femoral head.

Results: All patients Go 6983 ic84 in the LCPD group were classified as having Waldenstrom grade-4 disease. Their average age at the time of MRI was fifteen years (range, eleven to eighteen years). The lateral epiphyseal arteries reliably inserted on the posterior-superior aspect of the femoral neck from a superior-anterior to a superior-posterior position in both groups. An average of 2.63 (standard deviation [SD], 1.47) retinacular vessels were visualized in the LCPD group, compared with 5.20 (SD, 1.06) retinacular vessels in the dysplasia group (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions: The lateral epiphyseal arteries of the femoral head reliably insert in a narrow anatomic window on the femoral neck. Reperfusion of the medial femoral circumflex artery does occur in patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease; however, the overall number of vessels is decreased as compared with that in patients with developmental hip dysplasia.