Five random decamer primers were chosen, among 34 tested, for the analysis of
433 individuals. Eighty-eight bands (genetic loci) were scored, all of which were polymorphic. No indication of reduced genetic variability was observed in the cultured populations. In contrast, a loss in genetic diversity was observed in populations from two localities (Canakkale and Kalochori) that are heavily polluted by chemical contaminants. F-ST analyses and exact tests revealed significant heterogeneity among M. galloprovincialis population samples, JQ-EZ-05 although their genetic divergence seemed to be independent of geographic distances. Anthropogenic activities, i.e., marine pollution and transplantation of mussels, appear to have played an important role in shaping patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation among Greek M. galloprovincialis populations.”
“Purpose: Purple sweet potato (PSP) pigments have been widely accepted as antioxidants but their radioprotective effect still remains unclear. In this study we investigated the effect of PSP pigments on Co-60 gamma-ray-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in murine thymocytes.
Materials and methods: The murine thymocytes were pretreated by PSP pigments before exposure to 4 Gy Co-60 gamma-rays. Flow cytometry analysis was used to measure apoptotic cells and mitochondrial membrane potential. Reactive oxygen species
(ROS) were detected using 2′,7′,-dichlorofluorescein diacetate see more (DCFH-DA)
probe and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was tested by biochemical assay after irradiation. Cytochrome c, caspase-3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) were measured by Western blotting.
Results: After treatment with PSP pigments and exposure to 4 Gy radiation the apoptosis of thymocytes was reduced and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was maintained compared BMS-345541 mw to control cells. In the presence of PSP pigments, ROS were reduced and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were protected and in some cases increased. All the pro-apoptotic proteins (cytochrome oxidase, caspase 3 and PARP) decreased in PSP pigments pretreated thymocytes compared to irradiated cells in the absence of PSP pigments.
Conclusions: Pre-treatment with PSP pigments significantly inhibited Co-60 gamma-ray-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. This radioprotective effect might be related to ROS scavenging, the enhancement of the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and the sequential inhibition of cytochrome c release and downstream caspase and PARP cleavage.”
“Because of its specific electrochemical properties, copper is an essential heavy metal for living organisms. As with other heavy metals, high levels can provoke damage.