019 0.361 0.042 0.043 Figure 2 The protein expression of BMP-2 and its receptors detected by western blot 1: Ovarian

cancer tissue; 2: Benign ovarian tumor tissue; 3: Normal ovarian tissue. Immunohistochemistry Positively stained BMP-2 and its receptors BMPRIA, BMPRIB, and BMPRII were mainly located in the cytoplasm of ovarian cancer cells and appeared as light brown and brown particles (Figure 3). Figure 3 Expression of BMP-2, BMPRIA, BMPRIB, learn more and BMPRII in epithelial serous ovarian cancer detected by immunohistochemistry (×400) A: BMP-2, B: BMPRIA, C: BMPRIB, D: BMPRII. Retrospective analysis of follow-up visits of patients showed that the total five-year Smoothened Agonist supplier survival rate of 100 patients was 32% with a mean survival time of 32.42 ± 22.62 months. The five-year survival rate after surgery of ovarian cancer patients with positive expression Selleck Nutlin3a of BMP-2, BMPRIB, and BMPRII was remarkably higher than that of patients with negative expression of BMP-2, BMPRIB, and BMPRII. BMPRIA expression was not associated with the five-year survival rate of ovarian cancer

patients (Table 3). Table 3 Correlation of the expression of BMP-2 and its receptors with survival rate and survival time of ovarian cancer patients   BMP2 BMPRIA BMPRIB BMPRII Positive expression rate (%) 62 49 62 53 Negative expression rate (%) 38 51 38 47 Five-year survival rate of positive cases 40.32 32.66 41.94 41.51 Five-year survival rate of negative cases 18.42 31.37 15.79 21.28 P value 0.023 0.891 0.007 0.030 Survival time of negative cases 37.27

± 21.46 33.71 ± 21.95 37.66 ± 22.54 37.21 ± 22.10 Survival time of negative cases 24.50 ± 22.47 31.18 ± 23.40 23.87 ± 20.25 27.02 ± 22.20 P value 0.006 0.577 0.003 0.024 Discussion In 1965, Urist successfully DAPT concentration induced heterotopic bone formation by grafting decalcified bovine bone into muscles and skin[17]. Accordingly, we conclude that some substance in bone matrix is capable of inducing bone formation, namely BMP. BMP can differentiate mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts, plays various roles during embryonic development, and is of crucial importance to the nervous system, hematopoietic cells, the heart and liver, etc. BMP cannot act without its receptors, namely, BMPRI (BMPRIA and BMPRIB) and BMPRII, which are located on chromosomes 10q23, 4q22-24, and 2q33-34. BMPRIA mediates growth stimulation signals, and BMPRIB transfers growth inhibition signals[3]. BMPs bind with type II receptors first, after which the type II receptor phosphorylates the type I receptor. The receptor-ligand complex phosphorylates the Smad system, and then the complex shifts into the cell nucleus and is involved in gene transcription, thus transferring the BMP signal to the target gene. At present, there are 16 known BMPs, and the majority of research has focused on BMP-2. In 1988, Wozney screened a gene named hBMP-2 from human U-20S cell cDNA based on a bovine BMP amino acid sequence[18].