25 Recurrent

concussion was examined in 2 studies of adult professional athletes. One phase II study32 revealed no differences in reinjury rates between concussed Australian Football League players and controls. In this single study, no players were concussed again in their first game back after injury. One phase I study33 found that in American football/National Football League players, there was no association between RTP in the DAPT purchase same game and subsequent concussion in the same game or a more serious concussion during the season. Preliminary evidence from 1 phase II32 and 2 phase I33 and 34 studies suggests that most athletes RTP within the same game or a few days after concussion. Two studies assessed professional footballers, while the third studied elite and community-level football Hydroxychloroquine order players.

In a study32 of 117 Australian footballers, more than 90% returned to play without missing a game (ie, 6–9d postinjury). Most of the remainder returned to play after missing only 1 game. Pellman et al33 found that of 650 injured American football players, 15% returned to play immediately, while 34% rested and returned in the same game. Factors predictive of removal from play or hospitalization were immediate recall problems, memory problems, and the number of signs and symptoms postinjury.33 Among Australian elite senior and junior football players and community-level football players (median age, 22y), delayed RTP correlated Thiamine-diphosphate kinase with having 4 or more symptoms, headache lasting greater than 60 hours, or self-reported “fatigue/fogginess.”34 Headache lasting less than 24 hours was associated with a shorter time to RTP. There was no association between

LOC, cognitive deficits, or history of concussion and prolonged time to RTP. The mean time taken to RTP was 4.8 days (95% CI, 4.3–5.3d). No differences were found between senior, junior, and community-level athletes.34 Only 1 phase II study32 addressed this issue and found that the football performance of professional Australian footballers was not impaired on RTP from a sport concussion. Three studies assessed the course of recovery within a few days postinjury. One study35 found that athletes returned to pre-injury status within a few days, while the other 234 and 36 did not. In collegiate athletes, postural stability, as measured by the Sensory Organization Test and the Balance Error Scoring System, returned to baseline levels between 1 and 3 days postinjury.35 There was no significant decline between baseline and postinjury scores at 1, 3, and 5 days postinjury on traditional neuropsychological tests. Additionally, LOC and amnesia were not associated with increased deficits or slowed postural stability and neurocognitive recovery.