29 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.004 0.16 ± 0.002 0.27 ± 0.004 Final Cell RSL-3 Density (OD 600 nm ) RM 0.95 ± 0.006 1.01 ± 0.006 0.94 ± 0.004 0.92 ± 0.002 1.02 ± 0.004   RM (NaCl) 0.73 ± 0.01 0.96 ± 0.01

0.73 ± 0.03 0.72 ± 0.02 0.84 ± 0.01   RM (NH 4 OAc) 0.43 ± 0.01 0.42 ± 0.006 NA 0.32 ± 0.007 0.37 ± 0.008   RM (Kac) 0.42 ± 0.002 0.40 ± 0.000 NA 0.28 ± 0.007 0.34 ± 0.004   RM (NaAc) NA 0.63 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.001 0.45 ± 0.002 0.59 ± 0.002 “”NA”" indicates that the data are not available due to the lack of growth in that condition. The concentration for all the chemicals (NaCl, NH4OAc, KAc, NaAc) supplemented into the RM is 195 mM. NaCl: sodium chloride, NH4OAc: ammonium acetate, KAc: potassium acetate, NaAc: sodium acetate. Strains included in this study are: ZM4: Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 wild-type; AcR: previously described ZM4 acetate tolerant mutant; ZM4 (p42-0347): ZM4 containing a gateway plasmid p42-0347 to express ZM4 gene ZMO0347;

Barasertib mw AcRIM0347: AcR insertional mutant of ZMO0347; AcRIM0347 (p42-0347): AcRIM0347 containing gateway plasmid p42-0347. This experiment has been repeated at least three times with similar result. Duplicate biological replicates were used for each condition. Table 3 Growth rate and final cell density of different Z. mobilis strains in the absence or presence of different pretreatment ITF2357 supplier inhibitors.     ZM4 AcR AcRIM0347 AcRIM0347(p42-0347) Growth rate (hour -1 ) RM 0.48 ± 0.03 0.46 ± 0.003 0.35 ± 0.004 0.32 ± 0.003   HMF 0.36 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.001   Furfural 0.31 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.005 0.19 ± 0.03 0.20 ± 0.01   Vanillin 0.26 ± 0.001 0.26 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.006 PIK3C2G 0.20 ± 0.003 Final Cell Density (OD 600 nm ) RM 0.91 ± 0.01 0.98 ± 0.006 0.95 ± 0.003 0.92 ± 0.006   HMF 0.93 ± 0.003 0.96 ± 0.006 0.67 ± 0.03 0.78 ± 0.02   Furfural 0.88 ± 0.006 0.89 ± 0.009 0.67 ± 0.001 0.80 ± 0.02   Vanillin 0.69 ± 0.006 0.71 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.01 0.70 ± 0.01 The concentration for the inhibitor supplemented into the RM is: HMF: 0.75 g/L, furfural, or vanillin: 1 g/L. Strains included in this study are: ZM4: Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 wild-type; AcR: previously described ZM4 acetate

tolerant mutant; AcRIM0347: AcR insertional mutant of ZMO0347; AcRIM0347 (p42-0347): AcRIM0347 containing gateway plasmid p42-0347. This experiment has been repeated at least three times with similar result. Duplicate biological replicates were used for each condition. Figure 1 Hfq contributes to Z. mobilis acetate tolerance. Z. mobilis strains were grown in RM (pH5.0) overnight, 5-μL culture were then transferred into 250-μL RM media in the Bioscreen plate. The growth differences of different strains were monitored by Bioscreen (Growth Curves USA, NJ) under anaerobic conditions; in RM, pH 5.0 (A), RM with 195 mM NaCl, pH 5.0 (B), 195 mM NaAc, pH 5.0 (C), 195 mM NH4OAc, pH 5.0 (D), or 195 mM KAc, pH 5.0 (E).