5-fold, p<0.05) in H1N1 infected cells. Furthermore, at 18, and 24-hour

post-infection, miR-1260, miR-1274a, miR-1274b, miR-141, miR-18b, miR-21*, miR-720, miR-100*, miR-1260, miR1280, and miR21* were found to be find more down-regulated (>3-fold, p<0.05) in H5N1 infected cells. At these time points, only miR-1274, and miR-17* were selleck kinase inhibitor found to be down-regulated (>1.8-fold, p<0.05) in H1N1 infected cells (Table 1). From the results, we found that similar changes in miRNA profiles were observed in both H1N1 and H5N1 infection. However, the magnitude of fold-changes which occurred in H1N1 infection were much lower than that in H5N1 infection. Confirmation of miRNA expression profile by real-time PCR The microarray data were further confirmed using TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. There were general consistency between TaqMan qRT-PCR assays and microarray results. It was found that six miRNAs (miR-21*, miR-100*, miR-141, miR-1274a, miR-1274b and miR-574-3p) were initially up-regulated

at 3 hours post-infection. The degree of up-regulation was more prominent in H5N1 infection (5 to 14 folds)(p*<0.05) than in H1N1 infection (1.5 to 3 folds)(p*<0.05). It was also found that these miRNAs became down-regulated during 6-to-24 hours post-infection. The degree of down-regulation was also higher in H5N1 infection than in H1N1 infection (Figure 1). Figure 1 Patterns of changes in cellular miRNA expression after

influenza A virus infection. NCI-H292 cells were infected with influenza Selleckchem Regorafenib A virus subtypes: H1N1/2002 or H5N1/2004 viruses at m.o.i. = 1, respectively. qRT-PCR were used to quantitify the miRNA levels and fold-changes were calculated by ΔΔCT method as compared with non-infection cell control (CC) and using 18S rRNA level for normalization. Each point on the graph represents the mean of fold-changes. The mean fold-changes of miRNA in H1N1 or H5N1 infected cells were compared to that of non-infected controls ± SD (p* < 0.05). Target prediction of Resminostat the miRNA expression profile We then examined the list of targets predicted by TargetScan computer software ( http://​www.​targetscan.​org/​) for the miRNA species that had the most consistent and significant changes in expression following influenza A virus infection (Table 2) [20]. The TargetScan results showed that many of the target genes were involved in the inflammatory response and cell death pathways. Interestingly, one of the target prediction results showed that there was a 3′ untranslated region (UTR) binding site on TGF-β2 for miR-141. The miR-141 sequence is: 3′- GGUAGAAAUGGUCUGUCACAAU – 5′, while that of TGF-β2 3′UTR is: 5′-AGAGCCUUGGUUCAUCAGUGUUA-3′.