Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are the most common viral infections in

the first year after transplantation. The rate of CMV infection in SOT with HGG was also evaluated in the meta-analysis [1]. Recipients with severe HGG had a 2·4-fold increased risk of CMV infections compared with patients with serum IgG > 400 mg/dl (95% CI = 1·16–4·97; P = 0·02; four studies, 435 patients) and a 2·2-fold increased risk compared with patients with normal levels of serum IgG (95% CI = 0·96–4·91; P = 0·06, three studies, 378 patients) [1]. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with severe morbidity and mortality, making it a priority for diagnosis and prevention. The subset analysis revealed 8·19-fold higher rates of Aspergillus infections in recipients Fostamatinib with severe HGG when compared with patients with serum IgG > 400 mg/dl (95% CI = 2·38–28·1; P = 0·0009; two studies, 124 patients) [1]. After we excluded patients with Aspergillus infections the results remained consistent; severe HGG patients were more likely to develop other invasive

fungal infections than patients with serum IgG > 400 mg/dl (3·69-fold increased risk; 95% CI = 1·11–12·33; P = 0·03; two studies, 124 patients) [1]. Surprisingly, we found no impact of HGG Buparlisib chemical structure on the rate of transplant rejection; we did observe a significant impact of HGG on 1-year all-cause mortality [1]. Patients who developed HGG (IgG levels < 700 mg/dl) had a 2·71-fold increased risk of 1-year mortality than the group with normal IgG levels (95% CI = 1·05–6·99; P = 0·04; two studies, 179 patients), while the risk of death at 1 year was 21·91-fold higher for severe HGG patients than for patients with serum IgG > 400 mg/dl (95% CI = 2·49–192·55; P = 0·005; two studies, 124 patients). It is important to consider whether treatment of HGG with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) has an impact on the rate of infections, rejections and survival, as well as raising serum IgG levels.

In order to evaluate this we identified five studies which included both a treatment arm [IVIg or CMV hyperimmunoglobulin (CMV-Ig)] and a control arm (in which the patients received placebo or no drug) [5-9]. There was a wide variation between the studies, particularly in the cut-off of HGG definitions used (from <350 to <600 mg/dl) and the target IgG levels Baricitinib to be reached (from >350 to >700 mg/dl) (Table 1). Most of the studies included only heart transplant recipients [5, 6, 8, 9], and one study [7] included heart–lung and lung transplant recipients, making it difficult to know how much of the data from these studies could be extrapolated to other allografts. Furthermore, in some of the studies [5, 6] treatment arms included patients with more infections or more severe infections than the control arms, making results difficult to be interpreted. One of the studies included patients with HGG prior to transplant in the treatment arm [7] and patients with no HGG in the control arm [9].