Neuroimaging's utility is clearly established in all facets of brain tumor care. Abortive phage infection Neuroimaging, thanks to technological progress, has experienced an improvement in its clinical diagnostic capacity, playing a critical role as a complement to clinical history, physical examinations, and pathological assessments. Functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging are incorporated into presurgical evaluations to enable a more thorough differential diagnosis and more precise surgical planning. In the common clinical problem of distinguishing tumor progression from treatment-related inflammatory change, the novel use of perfusion imaging, susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), spectroscopy, and new positron emission tomography (PET) tracers proves beneficial.
Employing cutting-edge imaging methods will contribute to superior clinical outcomes in treating brain tumor patients.
Employing cutting-edge imaging technologies will enable higher-quality clinical care for patients diagnosed with brain tumors.

This article surveys imaging methods and corresponding findings related to typical skull base tumors, including meningiomas, and demonstrates how these can support surveillance and treatment decisions.
Greater accessibility to cranial imaging procedures has contributed to a higher frequency of incidental skull base tumor diagnoses, requiring thoughtful decision-making regarding management strategies, including observation or intervention. The tumor's starting point determines the pattern of its growth-induced displacement and the structures it affects. A comprehensive investigation of vascular impingement on CT angiography, along with the pattern and scope of osseous invasion observed in CT imaging, contributes to improved treatment planning. Future quantitative analyses of imaging, like radiomics, might further clarify the connections between a person's physical traits (phenotype) and their genetic makeup (genotype).
Employing concurrent CT and MRI scans results in improved diagnoses of skull base tumors, determining their place of origin, and prescribing the necessary scope of treatment.
Employing both CT and MRI technologies in a combined approach yields improved accuracy in diagnosing skull base tumors, identifies their source, and determines the necessary treatment extent.

The International League Against Epilepsy's Harmonized Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Structural Sequences (HARNESS) protocol serves as the bedrock for the discussion in this article of the profound importance of optimal epilepsy imaging, together with the application of multimodality imaging to assess patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Axillary lymph node biopsy The assessment of these images, particularly in the context of clinical findings, utilizes a methodical procedure.
For evaluating newly diagnosed, chronic, and drug-resistant epilepsy, a high-resolution MRI protocol is paramount, given the fast-paced evolution of epilepsy imaging. This article examines the range of MRI findings associated with epilepsy and their significance in clinical practice. Osimertinib The incorporation of multimodality imaging proves invaluable in the preoperative assessment of epilepsy, notably in patients with MRI findings indicating no abnormalities. By combining clinical observations, video-EEG data, positron emission tomography (PET), ictal subtraction SPECT, magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional MRI, and advanced neuroimaging methods like MRI texture analysis and voxel-based morphometry, the identification of subtle cortical lesions, including focal cortical dysplasias, is enhanced. This ultimately improves epilepsy localization and the selection of optimal surgical candidates.
The neurologist's unique role involves a deep understanding of the clinical history and seizure phenomenology, which are fundamental to neuroanatomic localization. A significant role of clinical context, when coupled with advanced neuroimaging, is to identify subtle MRI lesions and pinpoint the epileptogenic lesion when multiple lesions complicate the picture. Seizure freedom following epilepsy surgery is 25 times more likely in patients demonstrating lesions on MRI scans than in those lacking such findings.
In comprehending the clinical history and seizure patterns, the neurologist plays a singular role, laying the foundation for neuroanatomical localization. Identifying subtle MRI lesions, especially the epileptogenic lesion in the presence of multiple lesions, is dramatically enhanced by integrating advanced neuroimaging with the clinical context. A 25-fold improvement in the likelihood of achieving seizure freedom through epilepsy surgery is observed in patients presenting with an MRI-confirmed lesion, in contrast to those without such a finding.

This piece seeks to introduce the reader to the diverse range of nontraumatic central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhages and the multifaceted neuroimaging techniques employed in their diagnosis and management.
The 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study found that intraparenchymal hemorrhage accounts for a substantial 28% of the total global stroke burden. Hemorrhagic strokes represent 13% of the overall stroke prevalence in the United States. A marked increase in intraparenchymal hemorrhage is observed in older age groups; thus, public health initiatives targeting blood pressure control, while commendable, haven't prevented the incidence from escalating with the aging demographic. The latest longitudinal study on aging, utilizing post-mortem examinations, found intraparenchymal hemorrhage and cerebral amyloid angiopathy present in 30% to 35% of the studied individuals.
Prompt identification of central nervous system hemorrhage, including intraparenchymal, intraventricular, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, demands either head CT or brain MRI imaging. If a screening neuroimaging study indicates hemorrhage, the characteristics of the blood, along with the patient's history and physical examination, can dictate the course of subsequent neuroimaging, laboratory, and ancillary tests in the diagnostic work-up. Having diagnosed the underlying cause, the primary goals of the treatment are to restrain the expansion of the hemorrhage and to prevent the development of subsequent complications including cytotoxic cerebral edema, brain compression, and obstructive hydrocephalus. Besides other considerations, nontraumatic spinal cord hemorrhage will be mentioned in a brief yet comprehensive way.
A timely determination of central nervous system hemorrhage, encompassing intraparenchymal, intraventricular, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, is achieved through either head CT or brain MRI. When a hemorrhage is noted on the preliminary neurological imaging, the blood's configuration, alongside the medical history and physical examination, directs the subsequent course of neuroimaging, laboratory, and supplementary tests to ascertain the cause. With the cause pinpointed, the crucial aims of the therapeutic regimen are to contain the expansion of hemorrhage and prevent associated complications, including cytotoxic cerebral edema, brain compression, and obstructive hydrocephalus. Besides this, the subject of nontraumatic spinal cord hemorrhage will also be addressed in brief.

This article examines the imaging techniques employed to assess patients experiencing acute ischemic stroke symptoms.
A new era in acute stroke care began in 2015, with the broad application of the technique of mechanical thrombectomy. The stroke field experienced a notable advancement in 2017 and 2018, as randomized, controlled trials broadened the criteria for thrombectomy eligibility via imaging-based patient selection, consequently fostering a greater reliance on perfusion imaging. While this additional imaging has become a routine practice over several years, the question of its exact necessity and its potential to introduce avoidable delays in stroke treatment remains a point of contention. At this present juncture, a meticulous and thorough understanding of neuroimaging methods, their implementations, and the principles of interpretation are of paramount importance for practicing neurologists.
In the majority of medical centers, the evaluation of acute stroke patients often commences with CT-based imaging, owing to its broad accessibility, rapid performance, and safety record. The diagnostic capacity of a noncontrast head CT is sufficient to guide the decision-making process for IV thrombolysis. To reliably determine the presence of large-vessel occlusions, CT angiography is a highly sensitive and effective modality. Advanced imaging procedures, including multiphase CT angiography, CT perfusion, MRI, and MR perfusion, supply extra information that proves useful in tailoring therapeutic strategies for specific clinical cases. For the timely administration of reperfusion therapy, prompt neuroimaging and subsequent interpretation are always necessary in every case.
Because of its wide availability, rapid performance, and inherent safety, CT-based imaging forms the cornerstone of the initial assessment for stroke patients in many medical centers. A noncontrast head CT scan, in isolation, is sufficient to guide the decision-making process for IV thrombolysis. For reliable large-vessel occlusion assessment, the highly sensitive nature of CT angiography is crucial. Advanced imaging modalities, including multiphase CT angiography, CT perfusion, MRI, and MR perfusion, yield supplementary information pertinent to therapeutic choices in specific clinical presentations. All cases demand rapid neuroimaging and its interpretation to facilitate the timely application of reperfusion therapy.

MRI and CT are instrumental in the examination of neurologic patients, each providing specialized insights relevant to particular clinical needs. These imaging modalities, owing to consistent and focused efforts, demonstrate excellent safety profiles in clinical use. Yet, inherent physical and procedural risks persist, and these are discussed in detail in this article.
The field of MR and CT safety has witnessed substantial progress in comprehension and risk reduction efforts. Dangerous projectile accidents, radiofrequency burns, and detrimental effects on implanted devices are potential consequences of MRI magnetic fields, with documented cases of serious patient injuries and fatalities.