0 to 45.8 years from 1996–1999 to 2006–2008. The impact of starting ART late is large, with up to 15 years of reduced life expectancy if ART is started later than the current BHIVA guidelines recommend. Other data have shown that for HIV-positive men who have sex with men living in a developed country with extensive access to HIV care and assuming a high rate of HIV diagnosis, the projected life expectancy was 75 years [7]. The authors concluded that the greatest risk of excess mortality is due to delays in HIV

Ivacaftor in vivo diagnosis. Decreasing late diagnosis, starting ART earlier at recommended CD4 cell count levels, maintaining patients in care and reducing long-term drug toxicity and non-AIDS co-morbidities are crucial to further improving life expectancy and the well-being of people living with HIV infection. A further aim of treatment is the reduction in sexual Vismodegib transmission of HIV and for some patients may be the primary aim. The use of ART to prevent mother-to-child transmission is universally accepted and best practice is addressed in the BHIVA guidelines for the management of HIV infection in pregnant women [8]. Recently, the size of the effect of ART on reducing the risk of sexual transmission

of HIV has been estimated at >95% [9, 10]. At a population level, ART may be potentially important in reducing the incidence of HIV infection. ART is usually started for the health benefit of the individual, but in certain circumstances, it may be beneficial to start ART to primarily reduce the risk of onward sexual transmission of HIV. ART is extremely cost-effective and compares favourably with the cost of management of many other chronic diseases. Estimates of the cost-effectiveness of ART have been assessed in studies Liothyronine Sodium in North America and Europe [11-13].

Their findings have been consistent with an estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of about US$20 000 per quality adjusted life year for combination ART compared with no therapy based on drug costs and treatment patterns in the USA and Europe [14]. The number of people living with HIV in the UK continues to increase and by the end of 2010 was estimated to be 91 500 of whom 24% were undiagnosed. Of those diagnosed, 69 400 accessed HIV services in 2010 of whom 82% were on ART [5]. With ongoing HIV transmission, increased HIV testing and a reduction in the undiagnosed fraction, the number of people diagnosed with HIV and accessing HIV services will continue to increase. It has been estimated that the annual population treatment and care costs rose from £104 million in 1997 to £483 million in 2006, rising to a projected annual cost of £721 million in 2013 [15]. It is likely this estimated projected cost is an overestimate due to various factors, including earlier diagnosis and a lower proportion of patients with symptoms.