Increasing the hydrophobicity of scyllo-inositol by the addition of two methoxy groups (1,4-di-O-methyl-scyllo-inositol) produced a derivative that stabilized Aβ42 protofibrils in vitro. Prophylactic PF-2341066 administration of 1,4-di-O-methyl-scyllo-inositol

to TgCRND8 mice attenuated spatial memory impairments and significantly decreased cerebral amyloid pathology. These results suggest that Aβ aggregation can be targeted at multiple points along the kinetic pathway for the improvement of Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology. “
“Stem cells/progenitors are being discovered in a growing number of adult tissues. They have been hypothesized for a long time to exist in the pituitary, especially because this gland is characterized by its plasticity as it constantly adapts its hormonal response to evolving needs, under the control of the hypothalamus. Recently, five labs have reported the presence of adult progenitors in the gland and shown their endocrine differentiation potential, using different in vitro assays, selection methods and markers to purify and characterize these similar cell populations. These will be discussed here, highlighting common points, and also differences. Thanks to these recent developments it is now possible to integrate progenitors into the physiology of the gland, and uncover their participation in normal but also pathological situations. Moreover, experimental situations inducing generation

of new endocrine cells can Oxalosuccinic acid now be re-visited in light of the involvement of selleckchem progenitors, and also used to better

understand their role. Some of these aspects will also be developed in this review. “
“Neurons in the primary auditory cortex (AI) encode complex features of the spectral content of sound, such as direction selectivity. Recent findings of temporal symmetry in AI predict a specific organization of the subcortical input into the cortex that contributes to the emergence of direction selectivity. We demonstrate two subpopulations of neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, which differ in their steady-state temporal response profile: lagged and non-lagged. The lagged cells (23%) are shifted in temporal phase with respect to non-lagged cells, and are characterized by an ‘inhibition first’ and delayed excitation in their spectro-temporal receptive fields. Non-lagged cells (77%) have a canonical ‘excitation first’ response. However, we find no difference in the response onset latency to pure tone stimuli between the two subpopulations. Given the homogeneity of tonal response latency, we predict that these lagged cells receive inhibitory input mediated by cortical feedback projections. “
“We investigated how physiologically observed forward suppression interacts with stimulus frequency in neuronal responses in the guinea pig auditory cortex. The temporal order and frequency proximity of sounds influence both their perception and neuronal responses.