Some dermal/epidermal substitutes have been applied to the treatment of patients. Cultured corneal epithelial cells have been characterized and more complete corneal substitutes are being designed. Long-term clinical results
on the transplantation of cultured corneal stem cells for the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency have been reported.
Summary
Advances in tissue engineering for the development of substitutes that will benefit patients suffering from skin or corneal stem cell deficiencies are reviewed. These products are often a combination of cells, scaffolds and other factors. Key considerations in the development of corneal and skin substitutes for clinical applications are discussed.”
“Purpose of review
This review focuses on the immunogenicity
AZD1208 cost of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived progenitors and the impact of the immune response on applications of cell replacement this website therapy (CRT). Possible strategies to induce immunological tolerance to ESC-derived progenitor cells will also be discussed.
Recent findings
Evidence for the differential epigenetic control of major histocompatibility (MHC) and antigen processing molecules in ESCs and differentiated ESCs has recently been described. The presence of T cells recognizing the pluripotency-associated transcription factor octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) in healthy patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells adds further complexity to the immune response against ESCs and ESC-derived progenitors.
Summary
Although ESCs and ESC-derived progenitors appear to exert some level of immune privilege in specific circumstances,
these allogeneic cells are indeed recognized by the immune system and can be subject to mechanisms of rejection. Herein, we discuss the importance of the recent reports describing an immunosuppressive capacity of ESCs, and the epigenetic control of MHC in ESCs and how these characteristics may be harnessed in the development of strategies to induce immunological tolerance.”
“Purpose of review
The induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from patient’s somatic cells could be a useful Cell Cycle inhibitor source for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapies. However, there are still several problems to be solved in terms of safety concerns. We herein summarize the current knowledge about iPS cells and the obstacles that must be overcome before the cells can be used for medical applications.
Recent findings
Recent progress has enabled us to generate integration-free iPS cells from noninvasive tissues. Several studies have also uncovered differences in iPS cells and ES cells in terms of gene expression, epigenetic modification, and differentiation potentials. Tissue origin affects the quality of iPS cells. However, in a rodent disease model, the transplantation of differentiated cells derived from iPS cells ameliorated their symptoms.