The reliability of these measurements Veliparib order that were established in this laboratory was less than 6% for the CV. A Shapiro–Wilk test was used to confirm that all dependent variables were normally distributed. The changes in the muscle damage markers, leukocytes and CD34+ cells, and hematocrit over time after the first eccentric exercise were analyzed by a one-way

repeated measures ANOVA, followed by a Tukey’s post hoc test when a significant time effect was found to locate the time points that were different from the baseline values. To compare between the first and second sessions for changes in muscle damage markers, leukocytes and CD34+ cells, and hematocrit, a two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used. When a significant session × time interaction effect was observed, a Tukey’s post hoc test was performed

to compare the first and second sessions for each time point separately. All analyses were conducted with SPSS software (version 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and a p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results were presented as means ± SD. The changes in MVC torque, muscle soreness, and plasma CK activity are shown in Table 1. After the first eccentric exercise session, the MVC torque decreased more than 50% immediately and 24 h post-exercise, and did not recover to the baseline by 96 h post-exercise. Muscle soreness developed after the exercise, and peaked at 48–72 h post-exercise. These changes after the first session were similar between click here the entire subject group (n = 9) and those subjects in the sub-group (n = 6) who performed the

second eccentric exercise session 4 weeks later. After the second exercise session, the MVC torque recovered significantly faster to the baseline, and the muscle soreness was significantly less as compared with the first session. No significant changes in plasma L-NAME HCl CK activity were evident after the first session because of the large variability in the responses among subjects. However, all subjects showed increases from the baseline (peak–baseline value = 155–3562 IU/L). No significant changes in plasma CK activity were evident after the second session. No significant changes in hematocrit were observed over time, and the average value was 0.44 ± 0.02. Changes in the number of total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils are shown in Fig. 1. No significant changes in the number of any cells were observed after the first and second eccentric exercise sessions. The number of CD34+ cells per mL of blood ranged from 1400 to 7000 (average 3200 ± 1497) at baseline. No significant changes in this number were evident over time for both sessions, and no significant differences in the changes were evident between sessions. As shown in Fig. 2, no significant changes in the percentage of CD34+ cells to the total number of leukocyte cells were evident either after exercise.