A total of 104 consecutive patients with acute stroke were treated with mechanical thrombectomy using the Solitaire stent as a first-line intra-arterial treatment. We retrospectively reviewed data from 26 of these patients who presented with acute stroke attributable to intracranial ICA occlusion. Rescue treatments in cases of failed

Solitaire thrombectomy included intra-arterial urokinase, angioplasty, and forced suction thrombectomy. Successful recanalization was defined as thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia grades 2b to 3. Outcome measure was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-2 at 3 months.

Successful recanalization was achieved in 77 % (20/26) of patients. Recanalization was achieved with the Solitaire stent alone in 69 % (18/26) of patients. Ten patients (39 %) had a good clinical outcome (mRS score of 0-2) at 3 months. There was a good outcome in 50 % of patients selleckchem (10/20) with recanalization and no good outcome in patients (0/6) without recanalization (P = 0.027). None of eight patients who received rescue treatments showed a good outcome. No symptomatic intracerebral

hemorrhage occurred. Mortality was 8 % (2/26) at 3 months.

Mechanical thrombectomy using the Solitaire stent can achieve a high rate of successful recanalization and a very low rate of symptomatic hemorrhage and thus improve a clinical outcome in patients with acute intracranial ICA occlusion.”
“Background: Lack of social support Temozolomide cost and social exclusion are associated with adverse effects for mental and

physical health. Additionally, Tau-protein kinase women appear to be more vulnerable to social triggers of health disturbances. Activity of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal-axis (HPA-axis) might play a key role in this context as it has been shown both to be associated with psychosocial conditions and health outcomes and to respond differentially depending on gender. To test this hypothesis we thus investigated the effects of social exclusion on cortisol release in women. To experimentally vary social exclusion we employed a highly standardized paradigm (Cyberball) which already has been shown to affect subjective well-being and some physiological parameters.

Methods: Healthy women (n = 89) were randomly assigned to one of the three Cyberball conditions: social exclusion, inclusion and technical default, respectively. Salivary cortisol and subjective mood were assessed as primary outcome variables immediately prior to and every 15 min after Cyberball.

Results: Social exclusion had no effect on cortisol secretion though significant effects on mood were observed.

Conclusions: These results indicate that the Cyberball social exclusion paradigm alone though affecting psychological well-being does not affect HPA-axis functioning. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

001 for treatment-by-age interaction). After induction therapy, a landmark analysis showed a 66% reduction in the rate of progression with MPR-R (hazard ratio for the comparison with MPR, 0.34; P<0.001) that was age-independent. During Cl-amidine price induction therapy, the most frequent adverse events were hematologic; grade 4 neutropenia was reported in 35%, 32%, and 8% of the patients in the MPR-R, MPR, and MP groups, respectively. The 3-year rate of second primary tumors was 7% with MPR-R, 7% with MPR, and 3% with MP.

Conclusions

MPR-R significantly prolonged progression-free survival in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who were ineligible for transplantation, with the greatest

benefit observed in patients 65 to 75 years of age.”
“The transcriptional enhancer factor (TEF) multigene family is primarily functional in muscle-specific genes through binding to MCAT elements selleck chemicals llc that activate or repress transcription of many genes in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Among the TEF family, TEF-1,

RTEF-1, and DTEF-1 are critical regulators of cardiac and smooth muscle-specific genes during cardiovascular development and cardiac disorders including cardiac hypertrophy. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to functioning as muscle-specific transcription factors, members of the TEF family may be key mediators of gene expression induced by hypoxia in endothelial cells by virtue

of its multidomain organization, potential for post-translational modifications, and interactions with numerous transcription factors, which represent a cell-selective control mediator of nuclear signaling. We review the recent literature demonstrating the involvement of the TEF family of transcription factors in the regulation of differential gene expression in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 2011;21:1-5) (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections continue to remain an important public health problem around the world, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. There is a significant mortality rate following Carbohydrate such infections, and there is neither any proven therapy nor a vaccine for EV71. This has spurred much fundamental research into the replication of the virus. In this review, we discuss recent work identifying host cell factors which regulate the synthesis of EV71 RNA and proteins. Three of these proteins, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1), far-upstream element-binding protein 2 (FBP2), and FBP1 are nuclear proteins which in EV71-infected cells are relocalized to the cytoplasm, and they influence EV71 internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity. hnRNP A1 stimulates IRES activity but can be replaced by hnRNP A2. FBP2 is a negative regulatory factor with respect to EV71 IRES activity, whereas FBP1 has the opposite effect.

Here we review key genetic diatheses and molecular targets especially signaling pathways that mediate responses to trauma and severe stress and their potential contribution to the etiology of PTSD. Sensitization of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling and dysregulation of GR modulators FKBP5, STAT5B, Bcl-2, and Bax have been implicated in PTSD pathophysiology.

Furthermore, Akt, NF kappa B, MKP-1, and p11, which are G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway molecules, can promote or prevent sustained high anxiety- and depressive-like behavior following severe stress. Agonist-induced activation of the corticotropin releasing factor CRF1 see more receptor is crucial for survival in the context of serious danger or trauma, but persistent CRF1 receptor hypersignaling when a threatening or traumatic situation is no longer present is maladaptive. CRF1 receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can confer susceptibility or resilience to childhood trauma while a SNP for the PAC1 receptor, another class B1 GPCR, has been linked genetically to PTSD. GRK3 phosphorylation of the CRF1 receptor protein and subsequent binding of beta arrestin2 rapidly terminate Gs-coupled CRF1 receptor signaling by homologous desensitization. A deficient GRK-beta

arrestin2 mechanism would result in excessive CRF1 receptor signaling thereby contributing to PTSD and co-morbid posttraumatic depression. Clinical trials are needed to assess if small molecule CRF1 receptor

antagonists are effective prophylactic agents NVP-BGJ398 order when administered immediately after trauma. beta arrestin2-biased agonists for CRF receptors and possibly other GPCRs implicated in PTSD, however, may prove to be novel pharmacotherapy with greater selectivity and therapeutic efficacy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder’. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“It has been demonstrated that, on abrupt withdrawal, patients with chronic exposure can experience a number of symptoms indicative of a dependent state. In clinical patients, the earliest to arise and most persistent signal of withdrawal from chronic benzodiazepine (Bzp) treatment is anxiety. In laboratory animals, Epothilone B (EPO906, Patupilone) anxiety-like effects following abrupt interruption of chronic Bzp treatment can also be reproduced. In fact, signs that oscillate from irritability to extreme fear behaviours and seizures have been described already. As anxiety remains one of the most important symptoms of Bzp withdrawal, in this study we evaluated the anxiety levels of rats withdrawn from diazepam. Also studied were the effects on the motor performance and preattentive sensory gating process of rats under diazepam chronic treatment and upon 48-h withdrawal on three animal models of anxiety, the elevated plus-maze (EPM), ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) and startle+ prepulse inhibition tests.

For retrieval, we report decreases in activation in the prefrontal, cingulate cortex and bilateral posterior parietal regions in Val homozygote individuals versus Met carriers. These findings add to previous evidence suggesting that genetic variation in BIBW2992 price the BDNF gene modulates prefrontal and limbic

functioning and suggests that it may contribute to differences in brain function seen in those at high risk of the disorder. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“L-DOPA alleviates the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, but its long-term use is associated with undesirable dyskinesia. We now tested whether exercise can attenuate this L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). We tested the effects of exercise on LID in 6-hydroxydopamine hydrochloride-hemiparkinsonian mice. Animals were treated with L-DOPA/benserazide (25/12.5 mg/kg, i.p.) without and with possibility to exercise (running wheel) during 2 weeks. Exercise drastically prevented the development of LID, and its associated aberrant striatal signaling, namely the hyperphosphorylation of dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa protein and c-Fos expression. Our results indicate that exercise can partially prevent the development of LID through

the normalization of striatopallidal dopaminergic signaling. (c) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early protein ICP0 localizes to cellular structures known as promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies or ND10 and disrupts their integrity by inducing the degradation of PML. There are six MLN2238 PML isoforms with different C-terminal regions in ND10, of which PML isoform I (PML.I) is the most abundant. Depletion of all PML isoforms increases the plaque formation efficiency of ICP0-null mutant HSV-1, and reconstitution of expression of PML.I and PML.II partially reverses this improved replication. ICP0 also induces widespread degradation of SUMO-conjugated proteins during HSV-1 infection, and this activity is linked to its ability to counteract cellular

intrinsic antiviral selleck chemical resistance. All PML isoforms are highly SUMO modified, and all such modified forms are sensitive to ICP0-mediated degradation. However, in contrast to the situation with the other isoforms, ICP0 also targets PML.I that is not modified by SUMO, and PML in general is degraded more rapidly than the bulk of other SUMO-modified proteins. We report here that ICP0 interacts with PML.I in both yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation assays. This interaction is dependent on PML.I isoform-specific sequences and the N-terminal half of ICP0 and is required for SUMO-modification-independent degradation of PML.I by ICP0. Degradation of the other PML isoforms by ICP0 was less efficient in cells specifically depleted of PML.I. Therefore, ICP0 has two distinct mechanisms of targeting PML: one dependent on SUMO modification and the other via SUMO-independent interaction with PML.I.

The aim of this study was to further investigate the level of somatosensory processing where this paired-pulse inhibition is generated. We applied single and paired electrical stimulation of the median nerve with an interstimulus interval of 30 ms. Somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded over the brachial plexus, the cranial cervical medulla and the primary somatosensory cortex. We analyzed peak-to-peak amplitudes evoked by the 3-Methyladenine datasheet second stimulus of paired-pulse stimulation after digital subtraction of a single pulse (A2s), and referred it to the first response before linear

subtraction (A1). Paired-pulse inhibition was expressed as a ratio (A2s/A1) of the amplitudes of the second (A2s) and the first (A1) peaks.

We found a significant reduction of A2s as compared to A1 over S1, but no significant difference between A1 and A2s over brachial plexus and cranial medulla. In addition, the cortical amplitude ratio A2s/A1 was significantly reduced compared to the amplitude ratios over cranial medulla and brachial plexus. These results suggest that the underlying inhibitory mechanisms are generated rostral to the brainstem nuclei, probably due to the activity of thalamic or intracortical inhibitory interneurons. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Age-related bone loss is associated with changes in bone cellularity, which include marrow fat infiltration and decreasing levels of osteoblastogenesis. The mechanisms that explain these changes remain unclear. Although nuclear lamina selleck inhibitor alterations occur in premature aging syndromes that include changes

in body fat and severe osteoporosis, the role of proteins of the nuclear lamina in age-related bone loss remains unknown. Using the Zmpste24-null progeroid mice (Zmpste24(-/-)), which exhibit nuclear lamina defects and P-type ATPase accumulate unprocessed prelamin A, we identified several alterations in bone cellularity in vivo. We found that defective prelamin A processing induced accelerated features of age-related bone loss including lower osteoblast and osteocyte numbers and higher levels of marrow adipogenesis. In summary, processing of prelamin A could become a new approach to regulate osteoblastogenesis and bone turnover and thus for the prevention and treatment of senile osteoporosis.”
“The epsilon 4 version of the Apolipoprotein E gene has been proved to be a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, another gene mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) has also been proposed to be potentially associated with AD, based on its possible relations toward acetaldehyde accumulation which further damage brain cells. Yet this observation had been limited in several groups of Oriental populations.

The prevalence of PMDD was 2.9% among black women and 4.4% among white women.

Conclusions. This

study showed for the first time that black women were less likely than white women to experience PMDD and pre-menstrual symptoms, independently of relevant biological, social-contextual and psychological risk factors. This suggests that PMDD may be an exception to the usual direction of racial disparities in health. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms that explain this health advantage.”
“Purpose: Prior study has shown that bacillus Calmette-Guerin binds to and cross-links alpha 5 beta 1 integrins present on the surface of NCT-501 chemical structure urothelial Blasticidin S cost carcinoma cells. Antibody mediated cross-linking of alpha 5 beta 1 integrins can reproduce signal transduction, gene transactivation and phenotypic changes, similar to those observed in response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. We evaluated the effect of

a synthetic polyvalent ligand for alpha 5 beta 1 on these elements of the tumor response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Materials and Methods: The consensus alpha 5 beta 1 integrin binding tripeptide RGD was linked to a MAP8 backbone to result in an octavalent construct targeting alpha 5 beta 1 integrin. RGD-MAP8 was used to determine its effect on signaling pathway activation (nuclear factor-kappa B, NRF2 and CEBP), gene expression (p21, interleukin-6 and 8, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL20) and cytotoxicity (trypan blue exclusion and HMGB1 release) in human urothelial carcinoma cells. Results were compared to those of treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guerin or

the missense peptide GRD-MAP8. Results: The RDG-MAP8 construct significantly increased nuclear factor-kappa B signaling and p21 expression relative to controls. Compared to bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment, only p21 expression was comparable for cells treated with RGD-MAP8, averaging 70% of bacillus Calmette-Guerin before induced expression. RGD-MAP8 failed to have a significant effect on CEBP or NRF2 activation, gene expression or cell viability. Conclusions: Intracellular signaling, gene transactivation and phenotypic changes in response to RGD-MAP8 were qualitatively and quantitatively different than those observed in response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Results suggest that while alpha 5 beta 1 integrin cross-linking contributes to the bacillus Calmette-Guerin response, it alone is insufficient to duplicate the full spectrum of bacillus Calmette-Guerin induced changes in urothelial carcinoma cell biology.”
“Background. The aim was to examine barriers to initiation and continuation of treatment among individuals with common mental disorders in the US general population.

Method.

We describe discrete clusters of patterns of cortisol secretion and examine the correlates of these patterns using a latent variable mixture modelling approach. Analyses use data from 2802 participants with complete information

on cortisol secretion, age, walking/gait speed, stress, waking up time and sleep duration. Cortisol was assessed from six saliva samples collected at waking, waking plus 30 min, 2.5 h, 8 h, 12 h and bedtime. We find two patterns (“”curves”") of diurnal cortisol secretion. These curves are described as ‘normative’ [prevalence 73%] and a ‘raised’ [27%] curve differentiated by a lower cortisol awakening response in the normative group, a higher diurnal cortisol and ‘flatter’ pattern of release in the raised group. Older age, being male, a smoker, stress on the day of sampling, slower walking speed and shorter sleep duration increased the odds of being in the raised curve, relative to the normative Mocetinostat concentration curve. In conclusion, two patterns of cortisol secretion occur in middle aged men

and women. Raised pattern of secretion, which occurs in 27% of our participants is associated with demographic variables, adverse health behaviours, psychosocial environment and impaired physical functioning. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Obesity is becoming the epidemic health problem worldwide with a very complex etiology. The interaction between diverse genetic and environmental factors contributes YH25448 cost to development of obesity. Among myriad of functions in central and peripheral tissues, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) also regulates energy homeostasis, food intake and feeding behavior, and has a role in obesity and increased body mass index (BMI). BDNF

Val66Met (rs6265) polymorphism is associated with BMI gain, but both positive associations and non-replications are reported. Since BMI changes over time and since genetic influences on BMI vary with age, the aim of the study was to evaluate association between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and BMI gain in healthy subjects with middle or old age. The study included a cohort of 339 adult healthy Caucasians of Croatian origin, free of eating and metabolic disorders, evaluated in three time periods in the year 1972, 1982 and 2006, when the subjects were around 40, 50 and 70 years old, respectively. Rolziracetam The results revealed a significant effect of smoking on BMI, but a lack of significant association between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and overweight or obesity, and no significant association between BDNF Val66Met and BMI changes over time. These results did not confirm the major role of BDNF Val66Met in the regulation of BMI changes in adult and old healthy subjects. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Lyssaviruses (family Rhabdoviridae) constitute one of the most important groups of viral zoonoses globally. All lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, an acute progressive encephalitis for which, once symptoms occur, there is no effective cure.

Few studies in the research literature report the incidence of DVT during the early postoperative period or the risk factors for the development of DVT in the amputation

stump. This prospective study evaluated the incidence of DVT during the first 35 postoperative days in patients who had undergone amputation of the lower extremity due to PAD and its relation to comorbidities and death.

Methods: Between September 2004 and March 2006, 56 patients (29 men), with a mean age of 67.25 years, underwent 62 amputations, comprising 36 below knee amputations (BKA) and 26 above knee amputations (AKA). GSK2118436 research buy Echo-Doppler scanning was performed preoperatively and on

postoperative days 7 and 31 (approximately). All patients received acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg daily) preoperatively and postoperatively, but none received prophylactic anticoagulation.

Results: DVT occurred in 25.8% of extremities with amputations (10 ARA and 6 BKA). The cumulative incidence in the 35-day Selleckchem MK-0518 postoperative period was 28% (Kaplan-Meier). There was a significant difference (P = .04) in the incidence of DVT between AKA (37.5%) and BKA (21.2%). Age >= 70 years (48.9% vs 16.8%, P = .021) was also a risk factor for DVT in the univariate analysis. Of the 16 cases, 14 (87.5%) were diagnosed during outpatient care. The time to discharge after amputation was averaged 6.11 days in-hospital stay (range, 1-56 days). One symptomatic nonfatal pulmonary embolism occurred in a patient already diagnosed with DVT. There was no relation between other comorbidities and DVT. The multivariate analysis showed no association between risk factors

and the occurrence of DVT in the amputated extremity. DVT ipsilateral to the amputation did not influence the mortality rate (9.7%).

Conclusion: Rebamipide The incidence of DVT in the early postoperative period (<= 35 days) was elevated principally in patients aged >= 70 years and for AKA. Patients with PAD who have recently undergone major amputations should be considered at high risk for DVT, even after hospital discharge. Given the high rate of postoperative DVT observed in this study, we now recommend prophylactic anticoagulation for these patients, but further study is needed to determine the optimal duration and efficacy of this treatment. (J Vasc Surg 2008;48:1514-9.)”
“Torsion dystonia is an autosomal dominant movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive muscle contractions and twisted postures. The most severe early onset form of dystonia has been linked to mutations in the human DYT1 (TOR1A) gene encoding a protein termed torsinA.

A total of 205 men and women participated, average age 38.5 years. CD was diagnosed using a structured diagnostic tool. Alcohol and illicit

drug use, aggressive behaviour and victimization were self-reported. Information on convictions was extracted from official criminal records. Analyses controlled for age and sex.

Results. CD prior to age 15 was associated with an increased risk of assault over the lifespan [odds ratio (OR) 3.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.87-8.44)], aggressive behaviour in the 6 months prior to interview (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.24-5.68), and convictions for violent crimes (OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.46-6.97) after controlling for alcohol and illicit drug use. The number of CD symptoms present prior to age 15 significantly increased the risk of serious assaults over the lifespan, aggressive selleck kinase inhibitor behaviour in the past 6 months, and violent crime after controlling for alcohol and illicit drug use.

Conclusions. Men and women with severe mental illness who have a history of CD by mid-adolescence are at increased risk for aggressive behaviour and violent crime. These patients are

easily identifiable and may benefit from learning-based treatments aimed at reducing antisocial behaviour. Longitudinal, prospective investigations are needed to understand why CD is more common among people with than without schizophrenia.”
“Purpose: We evaluated factors affecting complication rates of ureteroscopy for pediatric ureteral calculi.

Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated

642 children who underwent ureteroscopy at 16 Turkish centers between 2000 and 2010. Semirigid ureteroscopy was used with various calibers to treat selleck products 670 ureteral units in 660 sessions. Complications were evaluated according to the Satava and Clavien classification systems. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to determine predictive factors affecting complication rates.

Results: A total of 367 females and 265 males Cobimetinib were studied. Mean +/- SD patient age was 90.2 +/- 51.4 months (range 4 to 204). Mean +/- SD stone size, operative time and postoperative hospital stay were 8.9 +/- 4.7 mm, 45.8 +/- 23.8 minutes and 1.8 +/- 2.8 days, respectively. At a mean +/- SD followup of 13.3 +/- 17.6 months 92.8% of patients were stone-free and efficacy quotient was 90.3%. Complications, which occurred in 8.4% of patients (54 of 642), were intraoperative in 25 (Satava grade I to II in 22), early postoperative in 25 (Clavien grade I to II in 23) and late postoperative in 4 (all grade III). While operative time, age, institutional experience, orifice dilation, stenting and stone burden were statistically significant on univariate analysis, multivariate analysis revealed that operative time was the only statistically significant parameter affecting the complication rate.

Conclusions: Semirigid ureteroscopy is effective, with a 90% stone-free rate and efficacy quotient. Most complications are low grade and self-limiting.

The potential mechanisms underlying this syndrome are discussed as well as their implications on the selection and optimal endovascular management of CCA patients.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Three previously healthy females aged 50, 60, and learn more 62 underwent CCA coiling at our institution and subsequently developed ipsilateral cranial nerve palsies at 56, 28, and 14 months, respectively, post-procedure. At presentation, all 3 patients had a new, recurrent area of flow in their CCA without changes in aneurysm size.

INTERVENTION: One patient declined further treatment. In the other 2 patients, a stent was placed across the aneurysm neck, and one patient underwent additional coiling. Unfortunately, all 3 patients

remained symptomatic at their latest follow-up.

Conclusion: Because of the intimate anatomic environment of the cavernous sinus, neural elements within it may be particularly susceptible to persistent mass or dynamic effects exacerbated by remnant or recurrent flow across the neck of a coiled aneurysm. These 3 cases prompted the authors to advocate for more aggressive efforts to achieve and maintain Volasertib CCA occlusion. Furthermore, when such efforts are unsuccessful, consideration

of traditional carotid occlusion strategies with or without bypass is warranted.”
“Identifying and understanding the early molecular events that underscore mineral pathogenicity using in vitro screening tests is imperative, especially given the large number of synthetic and natural fibers and particles being introduced into the environment. The purpose of the work described here was to examine the ability of gene profiling (Affymetrix microarrays) to predict the pathogenicity of various materials in a human mesothelial cell line (LP9/TERT-1) exposed to

equal surface area concentrations (15 x 106 or 75 x 106 m2/cm2) of crocidolite asbestos, nonfibrous talc, fine titanium dioxide selleck kinase inhibitor (TiO2), or glass beads for 8 or 24 h. Since crocidolite asbestos caused the greatest number of alterations in gene expression, multiplex analysis (Bio-Plex) of proteins released from LP9/TERT-1 cells exposed to crocidolite asbestos was also assessed to reveal if this approach might also be explored in future assays comparing various mineral types. To verify that LP9/TERT-1 cells were more sensitive than other cell types to asbestos, human ovarian epithelial cells (IOSE) were also utilized in microarray studies. Upon assessing changes in gene expression via microarrays, principal component analysis (PCA) of these data was used to identify patterns of differential gene expression. PCA of microarray data confirmed that LP9/TERT-1 cells were more responsive than IOSE cells to crocidolite asbestos or nonfibrous talc, and that crocidolite asbestos elicited greater responses in both cell types when compared to nonfibrous talc, TiO2, or glass beads.