7 vs. 10.6 nM). Striatal D-2 RO increased with the plasma levels of N-desmethyl cyamemazine but remained

below 75% even at its highest levels. At steady state, plasma cyamemazine sulfoxide levels were about double those of N-desmethyl cyamemazine. However, these cyamemazine sulfoxide levels should not contribute significantly to in vivo 5-HT2A and D-2 receptor occupancy.

In patients orally given cyamemazine, N-desmethyl cyamemazine, but not cyamemazine sulfoxide, should significantly contribute to in vivo frontal 5-HT2A and striatal D-2 receptor occupancy. The higher in vivo affinity of cyamemazine and its desmethyl metabolite for serotonin 5-HT2A receptors compared with dopamine D-2 receptors should explain the low incidence of extrapyramidal adverse effects.”
“Objectives: Nebulization is a potential method for delivering selleck chemicals therapeutic agents to lung grafts. Recent evidence suggests that nitrite may mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury via a nitric oxide-dependent pathway.

Methods: Syngeneic

orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed in rats after 7 hours of cold ischemia. Sodium nitrite (3 mg) or phosphate-buffered saline (controls) was delivered before procurement via nebulization.

Results: Nitrite treatment was associated with better oxygenation, lower peak airway pressure, lower wet/dry ratio, reduced myeloperoxidase level and macrophage infiltration, increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels, and decreased levels of interleukin 6, interleukin SB525334 cell line 1-beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 at 2 hours after reperfusion. Treatment with 2-(4-carboxypheny)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, a nitric oxide scavenger, reversed the beneficial effects of nitrite

and decreased cGMP concentration in grafts. A dose-response curve of nitrite was performed at the following doses: 0.3 mg (N0.1), 3.0 mg (N1.0), 5.25 mg (N1.75), 7.5 mg (N2.5), and 15.0 mg (N5.0). All treatments, excluding N1.0, resulted in poorer oxygenation, higher peak airway pressures, and higher wet/dry ratio. Higher dosage groups (N1.75, N2.5, and N5.0) exhibited positive immunostaining of nitrotyrosine and increased the intensity of nitrotyrosine in immunoblotting.

Conclusions: SB273005 purchase These data suggest that nebulized nitrite limits lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and may prove a clinically useful strategy but requires appropriate dosing to limit oxidative injury at high doses. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:1108-16)”
“Several studies have shown that glucocorticoids can impair declarative memory retrieval and working memory (WM) performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of a high dose of hydrocortisone on WM, as well as to examine the effects of cortisol suppression via treatment with a high dose of dexamethasone (DEX).

Similarly, evidence suggests ATD does not influence verbal, spatial and affective working memory. Most studies investigating effects on executive functions have produced non-specific or negative findings. In terms of attention, ATD either does not affect or may improve focused attention and ATD likely BACE inhibitor does not impact sustained and divided attention or attentional set-shifting. Although ATD is known to affect mood in certain vulnerable populations, the effects of ATD on cognition in non-vulnerable participants are independent of mood changes. Suggestions for future directions and implications for psychiatric illnesses are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective:

Hyperhomocysteinaemia is associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). There are inter-individual variations in the metabolism of homocysteine because of genetic polymorphisms. This study analyzed the role of one polymorphism that is associated with raised homocysteine, as a risk factor for PAD.

Methods. This study considered the association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphisms with the incidence of PAD by performing a case-control study and a cross sectional study of homocysteine levels. We recruited 133

patients with PAD in Norfolk and compared the MTHFR allele distribution with 457 healthy individuals. We also carried out a meta-analysis to place our data within the context of other published studies. We searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to March 2008 for any studies on the Entinostat in vitro association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and PAD.

Results. The MTHFR C677T allele frequencies in the cases and controls

were 0.37 and 0.33, and the odds ratios for the association of the 677 T allele or TT genotype with PAD were 1.18 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.89, 1.58) and 1.99 (95% CI 1.09, 3.63). Homozygotes for the MTHFR C677T mutation had higher concentrations of plasma total homocysteine, odds ratio 2.82 (95% CI 1.03, Sclareol 7.77) compared to homozygotes for the MTHFR 677 CC genotype.

Twelve of 72 articles retrieved from the database search reported the prevalence of mutations in PAD patients. A meta-analysis of 9 appropriate studies, including our own, showed that being homozygous for the C677T allele was associated with an increased risk of PAD, pooled odds ratio 1.36 (95% CI 1.09, 1.68).

Conclusion: We have found a strong association between raised homocysteine, the TT genotype, and PAD. (J Vasc Surg 2009;49:711-8.)”
“The motivational effects of drugs play a key role during the transition from casual use to abuse and dependence. Ethanol reinforcement has been successfully studied through Pavlovian and operant conditioning in adult rats and mice genetically selected for their ready acceptance of ethanol.

The standard method of calculating oedema and shrinkage correction provided no sufficient explanation for this significant decrease in infarct volume. There was, however, evidence that structural changes in the residual ipsilateral hemisphere may compromise the significance of results arising from the method of calculating oedema and shrinkage correction. In conclusion, our study indicates that the pronounced and fast,

time-dependent decrease in histologically defined infarct volume can compromise results when studying the lasting neuroprotective effects of potential drugs. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infect and productively replicate AZD5153 cost in macrophages WZB117 and T lymphocytes. Here, we show that SIV virions derived from macrophages have higher levels of infectivity than those derived from T cells. The lower infectivity of T-cell-derived viruses is influenced by the quantity or type of mannose residues on the virion. Our results demonstrate that the cellular origin of a virus is a major factor in viral infectivity. Cell-type-specific

factors in viral infectivity, and organ-specific or disease stage-specific differences in cellular derivation of virions, can be critical in the pathogenesis of HIV and AIDS.”
“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that caffeine, one of the major components of coffee, has a protective effect against developing PD. However, the detailed mechanisms of how caffeine suppresses neuronal death have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the cytoprotective

mechanisms of caffeine using human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells as a PD model. Caffeine prevented the apoptotic cell death induced by serum/retinoic acid (RA) deprivation, MPP+, rotenone, and 6-OHDA in SH-SY5Y cells in a dose dependent manner. Caffeine lowered caspase-3 activity induced by serum/RA deprivation and 6-OHDA administration, and also decreased the number of apoptotic condensed and/or fragmented nuclei. Akt was phosphorylated 60 min after caffeine administration MK5108 ic50 in a dose dependent manner; PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002 canceled this cytoprotective effect of caffeine. On the other hand, MAPKs such as Erk1/2, p38, or JNK were not activated by caffeine. These results suggest that caffeine has a cytoprotective effect due to the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathways in SH-SY5Y cells. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“Viruslike particles which displayed a peculiar wheellike appearance that distinguished them from A-, B- or C-type particles had previously been described in the early mouse embryo.

All rights reserved.”
“Background Percutaneous Epacadostat manufacturer coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction can be complicated by spontaneous or angioplasty-induced embolisation of atherothrombotic material. Distal blockage induces microvascular obstruction and can result in less than optimum reperfusion of viable myocardium. The Thrombus Aspiration during Percutaneous coronary intervention in Acute myocardial infarction Study (TAPAS) found that thrombus aspiration resulted in improved myocardial reperfusion compared with conventional PCI, but whether this benefit improves clinical outcome is

unknown. We aimed to investigate whether the early efficacy of thrombus aspiration seen in TAPAS translated into clinical benefit after 1 year.

Methods Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction enrolled at the University Medical Centre Groningen were randomly assigned in a www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-03084014-pf-3084014.html 1:1 ratio to either thrombus aspiration or conventional treatment, before undergoing initial coronary angiography. Exclusion criteria were rescue PCI after thrombolysis and known existence of a concomitant disease with life expectancy less than 6 months. Of the 1071 patients enrolled between January, 2005, and December, 2006, vital status at or beyond 1 year after randomisation was available for 1060 (99%). The primary endpoint was cardiac death or non-fatal reinfarction

after 1 year, and analysis was by intention to treat. The TAPAS trial is registered with Current Controlled

Trials number ISRCTN16716833.

Findings Cardiac death at 1 year was 3.6% (19 of 535 patients) in the thrombus aspiration group and 6.7% (36 of 536) in the conventional PCI group (hazard ratio [HR] 1. 93; 95% CI 1. 11-3.37; p=0 . 020). 1-year cardiac death or non-fatal reinfarction occurred in 5.6% (30 of 535) of patients in the thrombus aspiration group and 9.9% (53 of 536) of patients in the conventional PCI group (HR 1. 81; 95% Cl 1. 16-2.84; p=0.009).

Interpretation Compared with conventional PCI, thrombus aspiration before stenting of the infarcted artery seems to improve the 1-year clinical outcome after PCI for ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Funding Medtronic and the Thorax Centre of the University Medical Centre check details Groningen.”
“Several reports have suggested a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. We have focused on the relationship between deleted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and bipolar disorder. To investigate this relationship, we developed a methodology for quantification of the common 4977-bp deletion of mtDNA based on real-time polymerase chain reaction with SYBR Green. In this study, we assessed accumulation of the common deletion in postmortem frontal cortex from 147 individuals (48 controls, 49 patients with bipolar disorder, 50 patients with schizophrenia). We demonstrated age-dependent accumulation of the common deletion of mtDNA (p = 1.09E-10).

We present a case of giant cell arteritis (GCA) R788 nmr in a 72-year-old female patient admitted to our department with

a 4-month history of FUO, weight loss and fatigue, without specific symptoms or signs. Laboratory investigations suggested acute phase response, with a pronounced erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high CRP level and microcytic anemia. A thorough diagnostic evaluation was performed to exclude an unknown primary tumor, which was initially suspected due to a positive family history of cancer. Surprisingly, PET/CT revealed large vessel vasculitis affecting the ascending, descending and abdominal aorta, as well as subclavian, proximal brachial and carotid arteries bilaterally. Biopsy of the superficial temporal artery confirmed the diagnosis of GCA. Treatment with methylprednisolone and azathioprine led to resolution of clinical symptoms and normalization of laboratory parameters. In addition to the use of PET/CT in the evaluation

of FUO, its value as a method complementary to temporal artery biopsy is also discussed.”
“Chemokines promote leukocyte traffic into the Pitavastatin site of inflammation. Serum levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were evaluated in 48 treated women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mild-to-moderate disease severity. The results were compared between the whole SLE group and the control (29 women). The relationships between chemokines, their concentrations, and peripheral blood leukocyte count and between the chemokines and individual leukocyte else populations (polymorphonuclear leukocytes-PMNs, lymphocytes-Ls, monocytes-Ms, eosinophils)

counts were determined. The relationships between the analyzed chemokines were also determined in the control. SLE subjects had significantly higher MCP-1, SDF-1, IP-10, and lower IL-8 concentrations compared to the control. Moderate, positive correlations between MCP-1/SDF-1, SDF-1/IP-10 and a negative correlation between MCP-1/IL8 were observed in the patient group. Moderate, negative correlations were found between SDF-1/total leukocyte count, SDF-1/absolute number of PMNs as well as between IP-10/total leukocyte count, IP-10/absolute PMNs, Ls, and Ms counts in peripheral blood of SLE group. We suggest that the obtained results and correlations observed between the examined parameters might be used to monitor SLE course and progression. However, further randomized clinical studies should be carried out on in untreated and treated patients with SLE.”
“Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Abnormalities in coagulation have been linked with CVD in general and RA population.

Initial experiments indicated that avian versus human influenza virus binding was determined by either Sia alpha 2-6 or Sia alpha 2-3 expression. In this review, we suggest that the distribution and detection of these terminal Sia alpha 2-3- and Sia alpha 2-6-linked receptors within the respiratory tract might not be as clear cut as has been reported. We will also review how other viral and receptor components might act as

determinants for successful viral replication and transmission. Understanding these additional components is important in comprehending the infection and the transmission of both existing human influenza viruses and newly emerging avian influenza viruses.”
“We investigated how two distortions of the speech signal – added background noise and speech in an unfamiliar accent – affect comprehension of speech using functional Magnetic LDK378 chemical structure Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Listeners performed a speeded sentence verification task for speech in quiet in Standard Dutch, in DAPT in vivo Standard Dutch with added background noise and for speech in an unfamiliar accent of Dutch. The behavioural results showed slower responses for both types of distortion compared to clear speech, and no difference between the two distortions. The neuroimaging results showed that, compared to clear speech, processing noise

resulted in more activity bilaterally in Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Frontal Operculum, while processing accented speech recruited an area in left Superior Temporal Gyrus/Sulcus. It is concluded that the neural bases for processing different distortions of the speech signal dissociate. It is suggested that current models of the cortical organisation of speech are updated to specifically associate bilateral inferior frontal areas with processing external distortions (e.g., background noise) for and left temporal areas with speaker-related distortions (e.g., accents). Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background. A number of

scales are used to estimate the severity of depression. However, differences between self-report and clinician rating, multi-dimensionality and different weighting of individual symptoms in summed scores may affect the validity of measurement. In this study we examined and integrated the psychometric properties of three commonly used rating scales.

Method. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17), the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to 660 adult patients with unipolar depression in a multi-centre pharmacogenetic study. Item response theory (IRT) and factor analysis were used to evaluate their psychometric properties and estimate true depression severity, as well as to group items and derive factor scores.

Results.

Since the NF-kappa B pathway is commonly activated during infection of gammaherpesviruses, these findings might have general implications for the

control of gammaherpesviral latency.”
“Classically, upon hypothalamic stimulation, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released from the pituitary and acts on melanocortin 2 receptors (MC2R) in the adrenal cortex, stimulating glucocorticoid synthesis and release. Our earlier studies suggested that ACTH might have a direct effect on sympathetic ganglia. To analyze further the involvement of ACTH in regulation of gene expression of norepinephrine (NE) biosynthetic enzymes, we examined the effect of bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX) of Sprague-Dawley male rats. Fourteen days post-ADX, WH-4-023 price as expected, plasma ACTH was elevated, and levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and MC2R mRNAs in superior cervical ganglia (SCG), and TH mRNA in locus coeruleus

(LC) were increased compared with sham-operated animals. To determine effect of pulsatile elevation of ACTH, corticosterone pellets were implanted to ADX rats. Similar to immobilization (IMO) stress ACTH injections to these animals caused a rise in ACTH in plasma and triggered elevation of TH and DBH mRNAs in SCG and in LC with single and repeated daily injections, and MC2R mRNA in SCG with single injections. To study the effect of ACTH in isolated cells, primary cultures of rat SCG were transfected with TH Palbociclib manufacturer and DBH promoter constructs

and treated with ACTH. In agreement with the in vivo data, ACTH elevated their promoter activities similar to levels triggered by cyclic AMP analog. over ACTH in the human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells increased TH and DBH promoter activity and endogenous DBH mRNA levels. The results show that ACTH can have a direct effect on transcription and gene expression of NE biosynthetic enzymes even without contribution of adrenal hormones. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The product of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene UL144, expressed at early times postinfection, is located in the UL/b’ region of the viral genome and is related to members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, but it does not bind tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands. However, UL144 does activate NF-kappa B, resulting in NF-kappa B-mediated activation of the cellular chemokine CCL22. Consistent with this finding, isolates of HCW lacking the UL/b’ region show no such activation of CCL22. Recently, it has been suggested that activation of NF-kappa B is repressed by the product of the viral gene IE86: IE86 appears to block NF-kappa B binding to DNA but not nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B.

After chronic axotomy retrograde transport is impaired in LDPT neurons, but can be reinitiated by re-axotomy. Our results also indicate that FG is metabolized/lost from retrogradely labeled neurons at increasing survival times, and that this process appears to be accelerated by injury. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: An accurate, complete understanding of the prostate neuroanatomy is required to optimize nerve sparing

techniques during radical prostatectomy. However, the precise topography and function of the periprostatic nerves remain contentious and there is Belnacasan mouse uncertainty about which nerve sparing technique is most optimal. We accurately quantified the distribution, precise localization and cross-sectional area of periprostatic neural tissue using cadaveric specimens.

Materials

and Methods: We analyzed 13 cadaveric Selleck Quizartinib hemipelves using hematoxylin and eosin stained sections from the base, mid zone and apex of each prostate. Each section was digitized and divided into 6 sectors numbered clockwise. Analysis was performed using National Institutes of Health ImageJ software to calculate the total periprostatic neural cross-sectional area per sector.

Results: Calculating the total neural cross-sectional area highlighted a decrease from prostate base to mid zone to apex of 24.7, 19.7 and 13.7 mm(2), respectively. Most neural tissue was located in the posterolateral region. However, the proportion surrounding the anterior part of the prostate increased toward the apex with a median of 6.0% and 7.6% at the base and mid zone regions, respectively,

increasing to 11.2% at the apex.

Conclusions: Simple numerical nerve quantification may be insufficient to accurately describe the periprostatic neural distribution. Calculating nerve bundle cross-sectional area confirmed that most neural tissue is in the posterolateral region, although the proportion located anterior increases from base to apex. Thus, higher release of the periprostatic fascia may be indicated toward the apex.”
“The creatine-phosphocreatine shuttle is essential for the maintenance of cellular ATP, particularly under hypoxic conditions when respiration may become anaerobic. Using a model of intrapartum MK1775 hypoxia in the precocial spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus), the present study assessed the potential for maternal creatine supplementation during pregnancy to protect the developing brain from the effects of birth hypoxia. On day 38 of gestation (term is 39 days), the pregnant uterus was isolated and placed in a saline bath for 7.5 min, inducing global hypoxia. The pups were then removed, resuscitated, and cross-fostered to a nursing dam. Control offspring were delivered by caesarean section and recovered immediately after release from the uterus.

(ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00738218.).”
“Purpose: We report the

long-term effectiveness of standard tap water for Malone antegrade continence enema irrigation as well as our algorithm for managing refractory constipation/fecal incontinence in a large single institution experience.

Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 256 Malone antegrade continence enema procedures Wortmannin clinical trial performed for chronic constipation and/or incontinence due to neuropathic bowel. Continence, type of fluid used to irrigate the colon, volume of flushes and the need for additives were recorded and a database was created. All patients were initially treated with tap water irrigation. Those in whom THZ1 mouse tap water irrigation failed underwent complete bowel cleanout with enemas and GoLYTELY (R) via the Malone antegrade continence enema, followed by a gradual increase in irrigation volume. If this was unsuccessful, additives of mineral oil, MiraLAX (R) or glycerin were added to the irrigant daily.

Results: A total of 236 patients with at least 6 months of followup were included in this study. Mean age at surgery was 10.2 years (range 2 to 36) and mean followup in the entire cohort was 50 months (range 6 to 115). Mean volume of colonic flushes was 642 ml (range 100 to 1,000). Of the patients 196 (83.1%)

achieved total fecal continence with tap water flushes alone. Using additives increased the overall continence rate to 93.6% (p <0.0001).

Conclusions: The Malone antegrade continence

enema procedure has proved invaluable for treating children with refractory constipation. When additives are used in conjunction with water flushes, they can significantly improve the overall fecal continence rate in partially continent children.”
“Background: Rare mutations affecting the Selleckchem Barasertib FOXP2 transcription factor cause a monogenic speech and language disorder. We hypothesized that neural pathways downstream of FOXP2 influence more common phenotypes, such as specific language impairment.

Methods: We performed genomic screening for regions bound by FOXP2 using chromatin immunoprecipitation, which led us to focus on one particular gene that was a strong candidate for involvement in language impairments. We then tested for associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene and language deficits in a well-characterized set of 184 families affected with specific language impairment.

Results: We found that FOXP2 binds to and dramatically down-regulates CNTNAP2, a gene that encodes a neurexin and is expressed in the developing human cortex. On analyzing CNTNAP2 polymorphisms in children with typical specific language impairment, we detected significant quantitative associations with nonsense-word repetition, a heritable behavioral marker of this disorder (peak association, P=5.0 x 10(-5) at SNP rs17236239).

Our studies indicate that the AVP and its V1b receptor system may be a potential therapeutic target for treating anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with cocaine addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 2062-2075; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.97; published online 15 June

2011″
“Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) is related genetically and antigenically to human and swine HEVs and capsid protein of avian HEV shares approximately 48-49% amino acid sequence identities with those of human and swine HEVs. Six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced and used to locate different epitopes in the ORF2 region of aa 339-570 of avian HEV Chinese isolate. The results Semaxanib price showed that five epitopes were located in the aa 339-414 region and one in the aa 510-515 region. Two epitopes located in aa 339-355 and aa 384-414 regions are the immunodominant epitopes on the surface of the avian HEV particles as demonstrated by immune capture of viral particles and immunohistochemical detection of the ORF2 antigens with two MAbs. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Recently, several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on bipolar disorder (BPD) suggested novel risk genes. However, only few of them were Selleckchem IWR 1 followed up and further, the specificity of these genes is even

more elusive. To address these issues, we genotyped SNPs in ANK3, CACNA1C, CMTM8, DGKH, EGFR, and NPAS3, which were significantly associated with BPD in previous GWAS, in a sample of 380 BPD patients. Replicated SNPs were then followed up in patients suffering from unipolar Selleckchem JPH203 depression (UPD; n = 387) or adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity

disorder (aADHD; n = 535). While we could not confirm an association of ANK3, CACNA1C, and EGFR with BPD, 10 SNPs in DGKH, CMTM8, and NPAS3 were nominally associated with disease, with two DGKH markers surviving correction for multiple testing. When these were followed up in UPD and aADHD, seven DGKH SNPs were also associated with UPD, while one SNP each in NPAS3 and CMTM8 and four in DGKH were linked to aADHD. Furthermore, a DGKH haplotype consisting of rs994856/rs9525580/rs9525584 GAT was associated with all disorders tested, while the complementary AGC haplotype was protective. The corresponding haploblock spans a 27-kb region covering exons coding for amino acids 65-243, and thus might include functional variants yet to be identified. We demonstrate an association of DGKH with BPD, UPD, and aADHD by applying a two-stage design. These disorders share the feature of mood instability, so that this phenotype might be associated with genetic variation in DGKH. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 2076-2085; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.