2007) with raw data from an earlier study of macroalgal biomass levels in the same area (Amsler

et al. 1995), Amsler et al. (2008) estimated amphipod densities per unit area of the benthos in solid stands of the dominant brown macroalgae as over 300,000 amphipods · m−2 on D. menziesii and over 30,000 amphipods · m−2 on D. anceps. Richardson (1977) reported 11,253 amphipods from a single D. anceps individual at a more northerly location in the WAP, which is consistent with the estimate for our study area. Similarly, densities on the common, understory red alga Plocamium cartilagineum (Linnaeus) Dixon were estimated at over 26,000 amphipods · m−2 (Amsler et al. 2008). These estimated densities are one to three orders of magnitude higher than most reported amphipod densities in temperate and tropical waters (e.g., Nelson Ixazomib 1980, Wildish 1988, Brawley 1992, Reynolds et al. 2012, Myers and Heck 2013) and are particularly FDA-approved Drug Library impressive because D. menziesii and especially D. anceps commonly cover very wide areas of the benthos, often with nearly 100% cover (Wiencke and Amsler 2012, Wiencke et al. in press, authors’ personal observations). Although the macroalgal-associated amphipod fauna (Huang et al. 2007)

includes suspension feeding taxa such as members of family Ischyroceridae and predators such as Bovallia gigantea, a majority of the species are currently members of family Pontogeneiidae and are primarily considered to be herbivores and omnivores (Thurston 1972, 1974, De Broyer et al. 2007). No analysis of associated amphipod

density is available for the much larger, blade-forming H. grandifolius that dominates in deeper waters because its size precludes the quantitative sampling methods employed by Huang et al. (2007). However, Huang et al. (2007) observed lower Selleck Y27632 amphipod densities on smaller blade-forming species compared to the highly branched Desmarestia spp. and P. cartilagineum and this is consistent with our personal observations of relatively lower amphipod densities on H. grandifolius. H. grandifolius does, however, appear to us to support relatively higher densities of gastropods, particularly of larger gastropod species, than the other dominant brown macroalgae. There are several reports of gastropod grazers being numerous in association with the larger macroalgae in the WAP (Richardson 1977, Picken 1979, 1980, Iken 1999). We have recently analyzed the gastropod fauna associated with the same individual macroalgae from which Huang et al. (2007) enumerated amphipods in our study area. Of the eight macroalgal species sampled, gastropod densities were generally an order of magnitude lower than amphipod densities, and were also somewhat lower than in previous reports from the region (Richardson 1977, Picken 1979, 1980). However, densities still ranged up to nearly one gastropod per gram wet algal biomass (M.O. Amsler, Y.M. Huang, unpublished).

“
“Ribera J, Pauta M, Melgar-Lesmes P, Tugues S, Fernandez-Varo G, Held KF, et al. Increased nitric oxide production in lymphatic endothelial cells causes impairment of lymphatic drainage in cirrhotic rats. Gut 2013;62:138-145. (Reprinted with permission.) The lymphatic network plays a major role in maintaining tissue fluid homoeostasis. However, the role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of ascites and edema formation in cirrhosis has not been fully clarified. high throughput screening assay The aim of this study was to investigate whether the inability of the lymphatic system to drain tissue exudate contributes to the edema observed in cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was induced in rats by CCl4 inhalation. Lymphatic

drainage was evaluated using fluorescent lymphangiography. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was measured in primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LyECs). http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html Inhibition of eNOS activity in cirrhotic rats with ascites (CH) was carried out by L-NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) treatment (0.5 mg/kg/day). The (CH) rats had impaired lymphatic

drainage in the splanchnic and peripheral regions compared with the control (CT) rats. LyECs isolated from the CH rats showed a significant increase in eNOS and nitric oxide (NO) production. In addition, the lymphatic vessels of the CH rats showed a significant reduction in smooth muscle cell (SMC) coverage compared with the CT rats. CH rats treated with L-NMMA for 7 days showed a significant improvement in lymphatic drainage and a significant reduction in ascites volume, which were associated with increased plasma volume. This beneficial effect of L-NMMA inhibition was also associated with a significant increase in lymphatic SMC coverage. Thus, up regulation of eNOS in

the LyECs tuclazepam of CH rats causes long-term lymphatic remodeling, which is characterized by a loss of SMC lymphatic coverage. The amelioration of this lymphatic abnormality by chronic eNOS inhibition results in improved lymphatic drainage and reduced ascites. The lymphatic system is a major accessory route, carrying large particulates from interstitial spaces into the blood circulation.[1] The lymph is formed by the result of the net filtration pressure across the capillary basement membrane in the tissues as determined by the Starling forces.[2] The rate of lymph formation, respiration, and skeletal muscle movement primarily determine the lymphatic flow rate.[3] The endothelial cells of the lymphatic collecting duct are covered by smooth muscle cells which contract and act as intrinsic lymphatic pump, hence facilitating lymph flow.[4] When there is an increased interstitial fluid pressure, the overlapping junctions are thrown open and the lymphatic capillaries become hyperpermeable to carry the excess fluid away from interstitium back to circulation.

After liver transplantation (LT), serum cholesterol levels are probably not determinant because metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis are frequently present after LT.3 In fact, the observed diminished response has been hypothesized to be due to decreased interferon bioavailability in overweight patients and the presence of hepatic steatosis,

which itself is a predictor of a poor response to antiviral treatment.4-6 After LT, metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis could lead to altered viral clearance and a decrease in SVR independently of cholesterol levels. Gianni Testino M.D.*, Paolo Borro M.D.*, * Department of Specialistic Medicine, San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy. “
“Based on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying see more hepatic fibrogenesis, several kinds of approaches have been proposed to treat liver fibrosis. Among a number of growth factors

and cytokines that regulate collagen metabolism, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is the most potent factor to accelerate liver fibrosis by activating hepatic PD0325901 stellate cells, stimulating collagen gene transcription, and suppressing matrix metalloproteinases expression. Thus, TGF-β as well as its intracellular mediators, Smad proteins, can be potential therapeutic targets for liver fibrosis. Constitutive phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of Smad3 is the common feature of activated stellate cells. We have synthesized a novel small compound that inhibits Smad3-dependent collagen gene transcription by promoting nuclear import of a transcriptional repressor, YB-1. Another insight into anti-fibrotic strategies is the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the regression of liver fibrosis. Administration of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor enhanced the migration of bone marrow-derived cells into fibrotic liver tissue and accelerated the regression of experimental liver fibrosis. We have recently identified novel unknown factors expressed by bone marrow-derived cells that not only ameliorate liver fibrosis but also accelerate regeneration of fibrotic liver. “
“The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of all available

studies of the diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic liver disease. Databases including MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched Rho for relevant original articles published from January 2000 to April 2012. Pooled estimation and subgroup analysis data were obtained by statistical analysis. Across the nine studies (476 patients), DWI sensitivity was 81% (95%CI: 67%–90%), and specificity was 89% (95% CI: 76%–95%). Overall, positive likelihood ratio was 7.11 (95%CI: 3.50, 14.48), negative likelihood ratio was 0.21 (95%CI: 0.12–0.37), and the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 33.48 (95%CI: 16.67–67.25). The area under the curve of the summary receiver operator characteristic (ROC) was 0.92 (95% CI:0.89–0.94).

Demographic data was collected along with biochemical and serological indices.

Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests, with p-values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: 493 FibroScans® were performed on 448 patients with CHB. Of the 351 patients not on antiviral therapy at time of FibroScan®, 17% were eAg+, with 7% in phase I and 10% in phase II disease. Patients learn more in phase I CHB had a mean ALT of 23 IU/L, mean VL of 1.4 × 108 IU/ml, and mean LSM of 4.66 kPa. Patients in phase II CHB had a significantly higher mean LSM of 8.26 kPa (p = 0.001), with a mean ALT of 86 IU/L and mean VL of 9.6 × 107 IU/ml. Of the 83% of untreated patients with eAg- disease, 44% were in phase

III (VL < 2000 IU/ml, ALT normal) and 13% in phase IV (VL > 2000 IU/ml, ALT raised) respectively. Patients in phase III disease had a mean ALT of 21 IU/L, mean VL of 455 IU/mL, and mean LSM of 5.04 kPa. Patients in phase IV CHB has a significantly higher mean LSM of 7.86 kPa (p < 0.001), with a mean ALT of 71 IU/L and mean VL of 1.1 × 106 IU/ml. Patients with eAg- and VL < 2000 IU/ml but raised ALT (mean 49 IU/L) were found to Veliparib mw have an elevated mean LSM of 7.26 kPa, while eAg- patients with normal ALT but raised VL (mean 1.9 × 105 IU/ml) had a mean LSM of 5.16 kPa. Of 64 patients on CHB therapy at time of FibroScan®, 94% were on oral antivirals with complete viral suppression. Thymidylate synthase Mean LSM was 8.36 kPa and 8.91 kPa in patients on oral antivirals who were eAg+ and eAg- respectively. Treated patients with raised ALT had a higher mean LSM compared to patients with normal ALT (13.2 kPa vs. 7.63 kPa, p = 0.01). Conclusion: FibroScan® LSM was elevated in

CHB patient groups with raised ALT regardless of eAg status or viral load, with eAg+ patients having higher ALT, VL and LSM than eAg- patients. In eAg- patients with viral escape (VL > 2000 IU/ml), having a raised ALT was associated with a significantly higher VL compared to patients with normal ALT. ES GONSALKORALA,1 C TALLIS,2 KA STUART,2 E DUNCAN1 1Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, 2Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia Introduction: Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) are at increased risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) known as hepatic osteodystrophy. After liver transplantation patients are at an increased risk of osteoporosis and fracture due to immunosuppression but also exacerbation of pre-existing bone disease. The cause of low BMD in CLD may be multifactorial including nutritional deficiencies and hypogonadism (Alcalde Vargas, Pascasio Acevedo et al. 2012). It is unclear whether anabolic failure or catabolic excess (i.e. excess bone resorption) predominates in hepatic osteodystrophy; of note, almost all treatment options target bone resorption.

Physicians taking care of patients with advanced HCC after a VB episode should individualize therapies according to clinical practice, common sense, and patient needs. Some may judge that the survival benefit in these BCLC C and D patients who received secondary prophylaxis is not clinically relevant this website (average, 3 months) and that more-interventional therapies (banding ligation) should be avoided, taking into account the possible adverse effects. Nevertheless, this survival benefit is similar to the survival benefit offered with sorafenib treatment in BCLC C patients,

which also has side effects, which may affect quality of life. The present study, showing a global survival effect of prophylaxis patients with advanced HCC, provides further evidence to indicate prophylaxis in this subgroup of patients as long as their clinical condition

allows them to do so. There are several setbacks to the study. Some patients with very advanced HCC and UGI bleeding were not included in the study because no endoscopy was performed. This could lead to some bias in the results, because it is probable that these patients who were not included would be the ones who would be most likely to die. However, the decision to exclude these patients from the study was based on several find more reasons. First, although suspected, the cause of the bleeding was not proven because endoscopy was not performed. It is well established that approximately one third of UGI bleeding

episodes Cell press in patients with cirrhosis are the result of other causes, rather than esophageal varices.[40, 41] Second, most likely, the patients who would not receive endoscopy would probably be the sickest ones and therefore with the most dismal outcome. Therefore, inclusion of these patients in the analysis might further enhance the differences in the outcomes of VB in patients with and without HCC. Furthermore, and although it seems that patients with HCC without secondary prophylaxis were more sick than the ones who received secondary prophylaxis, which may have influenced the physician’s opinion, it could be that there are other factors that influenced this decision that are not included in the analysis. Unfortunately, the study design does not allow analysis of the effect of sorafenib treatment on variceal bleeding. It has been established, both in animal and human studies, that sorafenib has a portal hypotensive effect, perhaps through an inhibition of angiogenesis.[42, 43] Therefore, there could be an effect of the administration of this drug on the outcomes. In the present study, sorafenib was administered exclusively to patients with advanced HCC; therefore, it is logical to speculate that lack of sorafenib could further worsen the outcome of these patients, who already have a dismal prognosis. Another limitation of the study is the uneven distribution of the etiologies among patients with and without HCC.

Re-treatment is a particularly useful option for patients who achieve early viral clearance during previous therapy. “
“Background and Aims:  Commercial plasma donation was introduced in China in the 1970s. Cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis (hepatitis C) continued to occur, with multiple AZD5363 solubility dmso outbreaks among plasma donors in Guan county, Hebei province between 1972 and 1990. The outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in these paid plasma donors from six villages of Guan county were followed up for 12–19 years. Methods:  A total of 402 plasma donors with HCV infection were enrolled since anti-HCV-positive in 1991 or 1998. Follow up was maintained until

death or the end of the observation period. No

antiviral treatment was applied during the period of infection. Results:  Follow up was lost in 23 cases. After a 12–19-year follow up, 31 donors died, with the cause of death directly related to liver disease in 15 cases, and an overall mortality of 8.18% (31/379). The incidence of liver cirrhosis was 10.03%, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was 2.90%. The rate of viral spontaneous clearing was 20.32% (77/379), and 13.69% (23/168) in males and 25.59% check details (54/211) in females. In May 2010, detections were performed in 348 cases. Abnormality of liver function was related to HCV viremia. Sex and alcohol intake impacted the outcome of HCV Clomifene infection. There was no correlation between the viral spontaneous clearance with age of infection and genotype. Conclusions:  This area has a high rate of chronicity in HCV infection due to plasma donation. Twenty-five years after virus infection, liver cirrhosis or HCC developed in one-tenth of patients, with an overall mortality of 8.18%. “
“The presence of microvascular invasion (MVI) is an independent risk factor affecting recurrence-free survival following surgical treatment for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our aim in this study was to investigate whether

diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) could be useful in predicting MVI for small HCC. Breath-hold DWI (b-value 0, 500 s/mm2) and gadopentate dimeglumine-enhanced dynamic imaging of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging of 109 surgically proven small HCCs from 92 patients were retrospectively analyzed. The signal intensity ratio on DWI and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for lesions were quantitatively measured. Signal intensity ratio and ADC of DWI, tumor size, tumor shape, tumor capsule, peritumoral enhancement on arterial phase images, and dynamic enhancement pattern were analyzed as radiological parameters reflecting MVI and were compared with histopathological references. The chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney U test, and the independent t-test were used for univariate analysis.

Re-treatment is a particularly useful option for patients who achieve early viral clearance during previous therapy. “
“Background and Aims:  Commercial plasma donation was introduced in China in the 1970s. Cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis (hepatitis C) continued to occur, with multiple Selleck R428 outbreaks among plasma donors in Guan county, Hebei province between 1972 and 1990. The outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in these paid plasma donors from six villages of Guan county were followed up for 12–19 years. Methods:  A total of 402 plasma donors with HCV infection were enrolled since anti-HCV-positive in 1991 or 1998. Follow up was maintained until

death or the end of the observation period. No

antiviral treatment was applied during the period of infection. Results:  Follow up was lost in 23 cases. After a 12–19-year follow up, 31 donors died, with the cause of death directly related to liver disease in 15 cases, and an overall mortality of 8.18% (31/379). The incidence of liver cirrhosis was 10.03%, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was 2.90%. The rate of viral spontaneous clearing was 20.32% (77/379), and 13.69% (23/168) in males and 25.59% SP600125 nmr (54/211) in females. In May 2010, detections were performed in 348 cases. Abnormality of liver function was related to HCV viremia. Sex and alcohol intake impacted the outcome of HCV Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) infection. There was no correlation between the viral spontaneous clearance with age of infection and genotype. Conclusions:  This area has a high rate of chronicity in HCV infection due to plasma donation. Twenty-five years after virus infection, liver cirrhosis or HCC developed in one-tenth of patients, with an overall mortality of 8.18%. “
“The presence of microvascular invasion (MVI) is an independent risk factor affecting recurrence-free survival following surgical treatment for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our aim in this study was to investigate whether

diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) could be useful in predicting MVI for small HCC. Breath-hold DWI (b-value 0, 500 s/mm2) and gadopentate dimeglumine-enhanced dynamic imaging of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging of 109 surgically proven small HCCs from 92 patients were retrospectively analyzed. The signal intensity ratio on DWI and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for lesions were quantitatively measured. Signal intensity ratio and ADC of DWI, tumor size, tumor shape, tumor capsule, peritumoral enhancement on arterial phase images, and dynamic enhancement pattern were analyzed as radiological parameters reflecting MVI and were compared with histopathological references. The chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney U test, and the independent t-test were used for univariate analysis.

A complete and sustained remission has been obtained in 95% of the patients. Similar results have been obtained with a modified Malmö protocol (immunoadsorption, high doses of FVIII, high dose immunoglobulin, cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids) [20]. Bleeding was

rapidly controlled with one or two aphaeresis sessions without recurrence. The inhibitor decreased to undetectable levels: median Torin 1 time to response 3 days; median duration of therapy, 14 days; complete response, 88%; median follow-up, 44 months (Table 5). The diagnosis of acquired haemophilia requires a high degree of suspicion. There is no standard therapy for either bleeding control or inhibitor eradication. The available data indicate the importance of the expert opinion in dealing with difficult problems and emphasize again the importance of early consultation with the reference centre. F. Baudo has received reimbursement for attending symposia and fees for speaking from Bayer Healthcare and Novo Nordisk. The rest of the authors stated that they had no interests which might be perceived as posing a conflict or bias. “
“Summary.  Previous studies have demonstrated that genetic factors play an important role in determining the likelihood of formation of selleck chemical anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies in haemophilia A patients. We

were interested in characterizing the spectrum of FVIII antibody formation and the primary and secondary immune responses after FVIII administration in two different exon 16-disrupted haemophilia Histone demethylase A mouse strains, Balb/c and C57BL/6. Balb/c and C57BL/6 E16 haemophilia A mice were used in all experiments. Total FVIII antibodies and FVIII inhibitors were measured

using ELISA and Bethesda assays respectively. T- and B-cell cytokines were quantified using ELISA and flow cytometry. FVIII antibodies, but not functional inhibitors were detectable 1 week after the first FVIII treatment in both strains. These antibodies mainly belonged to the IgM and IgA isotypes. After the fourth FVIII treatment, neutralizing anti-FVIII antibodies were detected in both mouse strains: Balb/c (mean inhibitory titer 58 BU) and C57BL/6 (mean inhibitory titer 82 BU). IgG1 levels were similar in both strains but the IgG2A and IgG2B subclasses were higher in C57BL/6 mice. The results of intracellular cytokine staining of T cells indicated that the FVIII-treated C57BL/6 mice produced more IL10 and Th1 cytokines than the FVIII-treated Balb/c mice. These studies show that C57BL/6 mice develop a stronger immune response towards FVIII than Balb/c mice. We propose that the enhanced Th1 and IL10 cytokine micro-environment induced in C57BL/6 mice is responsible for this difference. Therefore, genetic strain-dependent differences must be considered when evaluating immunological outcomes in mouse models of haemophilia A. “
“The development of inhibitory antibodies represents the most serious complication of hemophilia treatment.

8 We have also failed to observe alterations of SREBP/FAS expression or triglyceride biosynthesis in Huh-7 cells transduced with HCV core 3a (data not shown). Thus, it remains to be established whether HCV core 3a–mediated PTEN down-regulation both promotes the formation of large cytoplasmic lipid droplets and stimulates lipogenesis. In this respect, the evidence PD-0332991 purchase indicates

that a nonstructural viral protein 5A (NS5A) also promotes lipid accumulation.26 The synergistic effects of multiple HCV proteins on the biogenesis of lipid droplets and the lipid metabolism in hepatocytes remain to be evaluated. We have already shown that the genotype 3a core protein induces IRS1 degradation in hepatocytes.20 As previously reported,8, 27 we have found that IRS1 down-regulation is triggered by low levels of PTEN expression and is crucial for core 3a–induced lipid droplet formation. In agreement with a role for IRS1 in hepatic lipid metabolism,21, 28 we have found IRS1 to be down-regulated in the livers of HCV-infected patients. Furthermore, IRS1 overexpression prevented the formation of large lipid droplets in core 3a–expressing cells. Because IRS1 depletion in cultured cells did not lead to the formation of enlarged lipid droplets, it is likely that, in addition see more to IRS1 down-regulation, other core 3a–dependent and/or PTEN-dependent mechanisms are required. Notably,

it is unlikely that Akt2, which is overactivated in liver-specific PTEN knockout mice and promotes lipogenesis,29 is involved in this process because Akt2 activity was not exacerbated by core 3a expression in our model (data not shown). Further studies are necessary to delineate the precise role of IRS1 versus other effects of core 3a in the generation of large lipid droplets. Mechanisms regulating PTEN expression have been intensively investigated because of the tumor suppressor activity of PTEN. Posttranscriptional modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and redox

mechanisms have been shown to control the stability and degradation of the PTEN protein.11 Our data indicate that none of these mechanisms are likely responsible for MG 132 the core 3a–mediated down-regulation of PTEN. Instead, HCV core 3a expression appears to repress PTEN mRNA translation via PTEN 3′-UTR–dependent mechanisms. Noncoding microRNAs play important roles in protein expression by hybridizing to complementary sites on the 3′-UTR sequences of target mRNAs and thereby inhibiting their translation or triggering their degradation.30 Several microRNAs have been reported to inhibit PTEN expression.11 Interestingly, because the levels of PTEN mRNA are unchanged between control and HCV core 3a–expressing cells, it is likely that core 3a induces the expression of microRNAs, which prevent the translation of this mRNA.

Further research is needed to evaluate the potential prognostic value and therapeutics implications of these sequence variants. Disclosures: Manuel Romero-Gomez – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Roche Farma,SA., MSD, S.A., Janssen,

S.A., Abbott, S.A.; Grant/Research Support: Ferrer, S.A. Javier Crespo – Board Membership: MSD, Roche, Janssen, this website Gilead The following people have nothing to disclose: Joaquin Cabezas, Emilio Fábrega, Ignacio Varela, Jose Luis Fernandez Luna, Ana Fontalbo, Juan Antonio Gomez Gerique, Jose A. Del Campo, Angela Rojas, Angela Puente, Maria Teresa Arias, Marta García-Valdecasas Background: MK-8742 is a small molecule inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) that is being developed for

the treatment of HCV infection. In vitro, MK-8742 has broad HCV genotypic activities and is potent against viral variants that are resistant to other 1st generation NS5A inhibitors. A Phase 1b, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of MK-8742 in patients with chronic genotype (GT) -1 or -3 HCV infection. Methods: 48 adult males, with HCV RNA > 105 IU/mL and GT-1 or -3 chronic HCV infection without clinical evidence of cirrhosis, were randomized to receive placebo or MK-8742 from 5 to 50 mg (GT-1) or 10 to 100 mg (GT-3)

once daily for 5 days. Plasma samples from baseline, the end of treatment and follow-up visits were collected and the full-length check details click here NS5A gene was analyzed by population sequencing. Selected samples were further analyzed with clonal sequencing to evaluate the distribution and linkage of resistance associated variants (RAVs). Results: MK-8742 has rapid inhibition leading to mean maximum viral load reductions of 3.7 – 5.1 log 10 IU/mL HCV RNA in GT-1 patients who received 5 – 50 mg daily doses. The durability of viral load decline following therapy was more sustained in GT-1 b patients than in GT-1 a patients at the same dose. Resistance associated variants, Y93H and M28V, were detected in two GT-1 patients prior to treatment. Despite the presence of baseline RAVs, these patients achieved >3 log viral load reduction. No viral breakthrough was observed during treatment. Post-baseline RAVs, M28A/T/V, Q30H/R, L31 F/V/I/M and Y93C/H/N/R, were detected at the end of treatment and at follow-up visits in GT-1 patients. Compared to GT-1, the antiviral response in GT-3 was less robust with a mean maximum viral load reduction of ∼3 log at 50 and 100 mg doses. Two GT-3 patients who had baseline RAVs (A30K/E/K/T) and received a sub-optimal 10 mg dose had a minimal viral load reduction. Post baseline RAVs, including A30E/K/T, L31I/F and Y93C/H/R.