Furthermore, shifts from the N155H pathway to either the Q148R or H pathway or the Y143R pathway were dependent on the amino acid substitution at position 148 and the secondary mutations in Y143R- or Q148R- or H-containing variants and correlated

with reductions in RAL susceptibility and restorations in RC. Our observations in patient viruses were confirmed by analyzing site-directed mutations. In summary, viruses that acquire mutations defining the 143 or 148 escape pathways are less susceptible to RAL and exhibit greater RC than viruses containing 155 pathway mutations. These selective pressures result in the displacement PI3K inhibitor of N155H variants by 143 or 148 variants under continued drug exposure.”
“Salidroside (SDS), a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Rhodiola rosea L., has been reported to be neuroprotective in vitro, which raises the possibility of MM-102 using SDS as a neuroprotective agent after nerve injuries. In the present study, the possibly beneficial effect of SDS on promoting nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve

crush injury in rats was investigated. Rats with sciatic nerve crush injury were administered intraperitoneally daily with 5 or 10mg/kg body weight of SDS for 4 weeks. Rats that received mecobalamin or saline were considered as a positive or a negative control, respectively. Morphometric analysis of regenerated nerves and Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing was used to evaluate axonal regeneration, whereas walking track analysis, electrophysiological assessment, and histological appearance of target muscles were carried out to evaluate the recovery of motor function. The results showed that SDS achieved functionally successful nerve regeneration in the rat sciatic nerve crush injury model, indicating that SDS holds potential as a neuroprotective agent for peripheral nerve therapies. NeuroReport 24:217-223 (C) 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Immunocytochemical techniques are used to analyze the effects of both an actin and myosin inhibitor on spindle architecture in PtK1 cells to

understand why both these inhibitors slow or block chromosome motion and detach chromosomes. Cytochalasin J, an actin inhibitor and a myosin C59 inhibitor, 2, 3 butanedione 2-monoxime, have similar effects on changes in spindle organization. Using primary antibodies and stains, changes are studied in microtubule (MT), actin, myosin, and chromatin localization. Treatment of mitotic cells with both inhibitors results in detachment or misalignment of chromosomes from the spindle and a prominent buckling of MTs within the spindle, particularly evident in kinetochore fibers. Evidence is presented to suggest that an actomyosin system may help to regulate the initial and continued attachment of chromosomes to the mammalian spindle and could also influence spindle checkpoint(s).

The observations confirm the impaired kaliuretic potency of sgk1(-/-) mice and point to a role of SGK1 in renal Na(+) reabsorption by mechanisms other than ENaC. Copyright (c) 2009 Epigenetics inhibitor S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Deferoxamine (DFO) and erythropoietin (EPO) have each been shown to provide neuroprotection in neonatal rodent models of brain injury. In view of the described anti-oxidative actions

of DFO and the antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of EPO, we hypothesized that the combination of DFO and EPO would increase neuroprotection after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury as compared to single DFO or EPO treatment. At postnatal day 7 rats underwent right common carotid artery occlusion followed by a 90-min exposure to 8% oxygen. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with DFO (200 mg/kg), recombinant human EPO (I kU/kg), a combination of DFO-EPO or vehicle at 0, 24 and 48 h after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and were sacrificed at 72 h. DFO-EPO administration reduced the number of cleaved caspase 3-positive cells in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. Early neuronal damage was assessed by staining for

microtubuli-associated protein (MAP)-2. In our model 63 +/- 9% loss of ipsilateral MAP-2 was observed after HI, indicating extensive brain injury. DFO, EPO or DFO-EPO treatment PD0332991 mouse did not improve neuronal integrity as defined by MAP-2. Cerebral white matter tracts were stained for myelin basic protein (MBP), a constituent of myelin. Hypoxia-ischemia strongly reduced MBP staining which suggests white matter damage. However, DFO, EPO and DFO-EPO treatment had no effect on the loss of MBP staining. Finally, HI-induced loss of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase staining was not attenuated by DFO, EPO or DFO-EPO. Although DFO-EPO treatment reduced the number of cleaved caspase 3(+) cells, treatment with DFO, EPO, or with the

combination of DFO and EPO did not protect against Acetophenone gray or white matter damage in the experimental setting applied. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A thymidine-to-cytosine substitution in the -344 promoter region of the aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) has been associated with essential hypertension in some but not all studies conducted in Chinese. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association of the -344C/T polymorphism with essential hypertension in Chinese. A total of 7,472 individuals (4,259 unselected hypertensive patients and 3,213 normotensive controls) from 9 case-control studies were included in the present investigation. Significant associations between the risk of hypertension and the CC genotype and C allele frequencies were found in a total of 19 studies. Our findings support the notion that the CYP11B2-344C/T polymorphism is associated with essential hypertension.

The duration of the latent period must be known with precision in order to design effective disease intervention strategies, such as use of antivirals. For a hypothetical influenza pandemic, we thus perform a simulation study to determine the number of cases needed to observe the weekday variation pattern in influenza epidemic incidence data. Our studies suggest that these patterns should be observable at 95% confidence in daily influenza hospitalization data from large cities over 75% of the time.

Using 2009 A(H1N1) daily case data recorded by a large hospital in Santiago, Chile, we show that significant weekday incidence

patterns are evident. From these weekday incidence patterns, we estimate the latent period of influenza to be [0.04, 0.60] days (95% CI). This method for determination of the influenza latent period in MDV3100 mw a community setting is novel, and unique in its approach. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND

Current guidelines for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction recommend a door-to-balloon time of 90 minutes or less for patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Door-to-balloon time has become a performance measure and is the focus of regional and national quality-improvement initiatives. However, it is not known whether national improvements in door-to-balloon

times have been accompanied Danusertib by a decline in mortality.

METHODS

We analyzed annual trends in door-to-balloon times and in-hospital mortality using data from 96,738 admissions for patients undergoing primary PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction from July 2005 through June 2009 at

515 Glycogen branching enzyme hospitals participating in the CathPCI Registry. In a subgroup analysis using a linked Medicare data set, we assessed 30-day mortality.

RESULTS

Median door-to-balloon times declined significantly, from 83 minutes in the 12 months from July 2005 through June 2006 to 67 minutes in the 12 months from July 2008 through June 2009 (P<0.001). Similarly, the percentage of patients for whom the door-to-balloon time was 90 minutes or less increased from 59.7% in the first year to 83.1% in the last year (P<0.001). Despite improvements in door-to-balloon times, there was no significant overall change in unadjusted in-hospital mortality (4.8% in 2005-2006 and 4.7% in 2008-2009, P=0.43 for trend) or in risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality (5.0% in 2005-2006 and 4.7% in 2008-2009, P=0.34), nor was a significant difference observed in unadjusted 30-day mortality (P=0.64).

CONCLUSIONS

Although national door-to-balloon times have improved significantly for patients undergoing primary PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, in-hospital mortality has remained virtually unchanged.

Based on these data, the VEs

from young offspring of pregnant rats fed an ethanol-containing or an isocaloric non-alcoholic liquid diet were examined between postnatal day (P) 1 and P31. Studies used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblots to explore the effects of ethanol on the expression of neurotrophins, their receptors, and representative signaling proteins. Ethanol altered the expression of neurotrophins and receptors throughout the first postnatal NSC23766 order month. Expression of NGF Increased, but there was no change in the expression of BDNF. The high affinity receptors (TrkA and TrkB) were unchanged but ethanol decreased expression of the low affinity receptor, p75. One downstream signaling protein, extracellular signal-regulated buy JQ-EZ-05 kinase (ERK), decreased but Akt expression was unchanged. Thus, postnatal cell proliferation in the VE of young rat pups is neurotrophin-responsive and is affected by ethanol. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Metabolically generated acid is the major physiological stimulus

for increasing proximal tubule citrate reabsorption, which leads to a decrease in citrate excretion. The activity of the Na-citrate cotransporter, NaDC-1, is increased in vivo by acid ingestion and in vitro by an acidic pH medium. In opossum kidney cells the acid stimulatory effect and the ability of endothelin-1 (ET-1) to stimulate NaDC-1 activity are both blocked by the endothelin B (ET(B)) receptor antagonist, BQ788. Acid feeding had no effect on brush border membrane NaDC-1 activity in mice in which ET(B) receptor expression was knocked out, whereas a stimulatory effect was found in wild-type mice. Using ET(A)/ET(B)

chimeric and ET(B) C-terminal tail truncated constructs, ET-1 stimulation of NaDC-1 required a receptor C-terminal tail from either ET(A) or ET(B). The ET-1 effect was greatest when either the ET(B) transmembrane domain and C-terminal tail were present or the ET(B) C-terminal tail was linked to the ET(A) transmembrane domain. This effect was smaller when the ET(B) because transmembrane domain was linked to the ET(A) C-terminal tail. Thus, the acid-activated pathway mediating stimulation of NaDC-1 activity requires a functional ET(B) receptor in vivo and in vitro, as does acid stimulation of NHE3 activity. Since increased NaDC-1 and NHE3 activities constitute part of the proximal tubule adaptation to an acid load, these studies indicate that there are similarities in the signaling pathway mediating these responses. Kidney International (2010) 78, 895-904; doi:10.1038/ki.2010.264; published online 11 August 2010″
“Thyroid hormone (TH) plays an essential role in growth and differentiation of the central nervous system. Deficiency of TH during perinatal period results in abnormal brain development known as cretinism in human.

These neurochemical and glial alterations are accompanied by impairment in locomotor activity. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of our study was to develop specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and apply these to assess mold antigen exposure in composting plants. Sandwich ELISAs based on polyclonal antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus (Af), Penicillium chrysogenum (Pc),

and Cladosporium herbarum (Ch) antigens were developed and validated. Reactivity to 18 different mold species was tested. To optimize extraction procedure, inhalable dust samples taken by a parallel sampler were extracted with or without homogenization. In 31 composting plants stationary pumps were installed at 4 sites to collect 124 inhalable dust samples. The newly developed ELISAs were used in addition to an anti beta-1,3-glucan ELISA to quantify learn more mold antigens. The Cladosporium ELISA showed less than 0.04% reactivity to extracts from other fungal genera, while the Af ELISA demonstrated a reactivity of up to 3.6% and the Pc ELISA reacted up to 11% to ZD1839 other mold species. Extraction of parallel sampled filters gave higher antigen amounts with homogenization. The increase was highest

for Pc-antigens, followed by Af-antigens, and lowest for Ch-antigens. Mean lower detection limits of homogenized inhalable dust samples were 5 ng/m(3) (Af), 0.6 ng/m(3) (Pc), 0.2 ng/m(3) (Ch), and 0.6 ng/m(3) (beta-1,3-glucan). The ELISAs were able to detect antigens in 43% (Af), 37% (Pc), 94% (Ch), or 100% (beta-1,3-glucan) of the 124 airborne dust samples. Inhalable dust, FAD beta-1,3-glucan, and Af-, Pc-, and Ch-antigen concentrations were significantly correlated. The newly developed mold antigen ELISAs are thus able to measure airborne exposure

levels in composting plants and differentiate between distinct fungi genera.”
“Introduction: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is associated with troublesome symptoms and increased mortality. It is treatable and deserving of accurate diagnosis. This can be time consuming. The current reference standard for its diagnosis is head-up tilt (HUT) testing with continuous beat-to-beat plethysmography. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of sit-stand testing with semi-automatic sphygmomanometry for the diagnosis of OH.

Design: Retrospective test of diagnostic accuracy.

Methods: This was a retrospective study performed using a database maintained by a busy syncope unit. HUT testing was performed using an automated tilt table with Finometer monitoring. A 3 min 70 degrees HUT was performed following 5 min supine. Sitting blood pressure (BP) was measured following 3 min rest. Standing BP was measured within 30 s of assuming the upright posture. The results of sit-stand testing were compared with HUT testing as a reference standard.

94 +/- 0.61 mm above the floor of learn more MCF. The average temporalis muscle thickness and vertical height of the ZA were 22.22 +/- 0.36 mm and 8.10 +/- 0.13 mm, respectively. The muscle-to-floor measurement (muscle thickness + mid-zygoma-to-floor measurement) was 24.16 +/- 0.74 mm.

CONCLUSION: The routine use of a zygomatic osteotomy in approaches to the MCF does not provide very much increased exposure. However, in patients with exceptionally

thick temporalis muscles or a high ZA, a zygomatic osteotomy may be helpful in providing exposure of the floor of the MCF.”
“Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes coding metabolizing enzymes modulate gene functions and cellular toxicity in response to chemicals. Quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an important detoxification enzyme involved in the catabolism of 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ), a benzene metabolite believed to be associated with bone-marrow toxicity and leukemia. Gene function was evaluated in immortalized human B lymphocytes derived from a Chinese Han population with independent genotypes at 2 NQO1 SNP sites. 1,4-Benzoquinone was incubated with these immortalized lymphocytes of differing genotypes. Among the genotypes of 2 SNP examined, cell lines with rs1800566CC showed a higher NQO1 enzymic activity Selleck RepSox after a 48 h of treatment with 10

M 1,4-BQ, and a lower comet rate compared with cells of CT/TT genotypes. Data suggested that NQO1 rs1800566 might serve as a functional genetic marker for benzene toxicity in the Chinese Han population. The immortalized B lymphocytes derived from different HAS1 populations might thus be used as a biomarker to detect functional genetic markers related to exposure to environmental chemicals.”
“OBJECTIVE: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become

routine for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor. Because both of these disorders are common in patients older than the age of 60, neurosurgeons are likely to encounter increasing numbers of patients who require DBS surgery but who already have another electronic medical implant such as a cardiac pacemaker/defibrillator or intrathecal infusion pump, raising the concern that one device might interfere with the performance of the other.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Herein we report a modification of surgical technique resulting in the successful use of thalamic DBS to treat disabling essential tremor in a man with a previously implanted cochlear implant.

INTERVENTION AND TECHNIQUE: The presence of the cochlear implant necessitated a number of modifications to our standard surgical technique including surgical removal of the subgaleal magnet that holds the receiver to the scalp and the use of computed tomography instead of magnetic resonance imaging to target the thalamus. More than a year after surgery, the patient is enjoying continued tremor suppression and an enhanced quality of life.

Compared with no report of musculoskeletal pain, musculoskeletal pain in one or two areas was associated with a 30% greater hazard for incident disability (odds ratio = 1.31, 95% confidence VE-821 supplier interval = 1.00-1.70). Musculoskeletal pain in three or more areas was associated with an 80% greater hazard for incident disability (odds ratio = 1.80, 95% confidence interval = 1.31-2.47). In participants without baseline self-reported mobility disability (n = 486), musculoskeletal pain was associated with greater hazard for incident self-reported mobility disability (odds ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval

= 1.11-1.73).

Conclusion. In older persons, musculoskeletal pain is associated with incident mobility disability.”
“Background. Hospitalization represents Q-VD-Oph in vivo a stressful and potentially hazardous event for older persons. We evaluated the value of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) in predicting rates of functional decline, rehospitalization, and death in older acutely ill patients in the year after discharge from the hospital.

Methods. Prospective cohort study of 87 patients aged 65 years and older

who were able to walk and with a Mini-Mental State Examination score >= 18 and admitted to the hospital with a clinical diagnosis of congestive heart failure, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or minor stroke. Patients were evaluated with the SPPB at hospital admission, were reevaluated the day of hospital discharge,

and 1 month later. Subsequently, they were followed every 3 months by telephone interviews to ascertain functional decline, new hospitalizations, and vital status.

Results. After adjustment for potential confounders, including self-report activity of daily living and comorbidity, the SPPB score at discharge was inversely correlated with the rate of decline in activity of daily living performance over the follow-up (p < .05). In a multivariable discrete-time survival analysis, patients with poor SPPB scores at hospital discharge (0-4) had a greater risk of rehospitalization or death (odds ratio: 5.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.82-15.9) compared with those with better SPPB scores (8-12). Patients with early decline in SPPB score after discharge also had steeper increase in activity Chlormezanone of daily living difficulty and higher risk of rehospitalization or death over the next year.

Conclusions. In older acutely ill patients who have been hospitalized, the SPPB provides important prognostic information. Lower extremity performance-based functional assessment might identify older patients at high risk of poor outcomes after hospital discharge.”
“Background. In a robust and consistent manner, sustained caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to retard the aging process in a variety of animal species. Nonhuman primate studies suggest that CR may have similar effects in longer-lived species.

”

Results: Generally, resident ratings indicated that faculty showed positive teaching behaviors. Faculty self-assessment ratings were all lower (P<.025) than those assigned to them by the residents except for 1 component representative of “”feedback,” which approached significance (P=.04); 2 items, representative of “”promoting understanding and retention” and “”evaluation”, had mean scores of less than 3. At 3 months, compared with self-assessment at Boot Camp, faculty ratings suggested improved teaching behaviors in their simulation settings in the following: “”learning climate,” “”control of session,” “”communication of goals,” “”promoting understanding and

retention,” and MK-0518 “”evaluation.” The simulation environment was perceived as more positive for technical skills training in certain aspects compared with clinical setting: instructor reviewed function and operation of equipment with learner before session (representative of “”promoting understanding and retention”) and instructor allowed the learner ample time to practice (representative of “”control of session” and “”promoting understanding and retention”) (P<.025).

Conclusions: Simulation-based skills training is perceived by residents to be associated with positive teaching behaviors.

Faculty self-ratings indicate that they do not always use many of these teaching behaviors and that their Selleck PS-341 performance can be improved. The simulation setting may provide greater opportunity for positive teaching behaviors compared with the clinical environment. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:45-53)”
“Each symbiotic Chlorella of the ciliate Paramecium bursaria is enclosed in Oxygenase a perialgal vacuole membrane derived from the host digestive vacuole membrane. Alga-free paramecia and symbiotic algae can grow independently. Mixing them experimentally can cause reinfection. Earlier, we reported that the symbiotic algae appear to push the host trichocysts aside to become fixed beneath the host cell cortex during the algal reinfection process. Indirect immunofluorescence

microscopy with a monoclonal antibody against the trichocysts demonstrates that the trichocysts change their locality to form algal attachment sites and decrease their density beneath the host cell cortex through algal reinfection. Transmission electron microscopy to detect acid phosphatase activity showed that some trichocysts near the host cell cortex are digested by the host lysosomal fusion during algal reinfection. Removal of algae from the host cell using cycloheximide recovers the trichocyst’s arrangement and number near the host cell cortex. These results indicate that symbiotic algae compete for their attachment sites with preexisting trichocysts and that the algae have the ability to ensure algal attachment sites beneath the host cell cortex.”
“Patients exposed to organophosphate (OP) compounds demonstrate a central apnea.

Furthermore, we show mtDNA transcription and replication reduced in rats with chronic seizures. These defects were independent Veliparib in vivo of downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1, nuclear respiratory factor-1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), but depended on reduced Tfam DNA binding activity. The present study suggests novel mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunction during chronic seizures. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“One of the prominent features of Alzheimer’s disease is the excessive accumulation

of the protein amyloid beta (A beta) in certain areas of the brain leading to neurodegeneration. A beta is cytotoxic and disrupts several cytoprotective pathways. Recent literature has demonstrated that

certain cytochrome P450 (CYP) products are neuroprotective, including epoxide metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). The action of A beta with respect to regionally produced EETs in the brain has yet to be defined. Epoxygenases metabolize AA into four regioisomers of EETs (14,15-, 11,12-, 8,9- and 5,6-EET). EETs are rapidly degraded into dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DiHETEs) by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). To determine the effect of A beta on the epoxygenase activity in different regions of the brain, microsomes were prepared from the cerebrum and cerebellum of adult Sprague-Dawley E7080 ic50 rats and incubated with 1 and 10 mu M A beta for 30 min after which epoxygenase activity assay was performed. Mass spectrometry PDE4B indicated that incubation with A beta reduced 14,15-EET production by 30% as compared to vehicle in the cerebrum, but not in the cerebellum. When we separated the cerebrum into cortex and hippocampus, significant decrease in the production of total EETs and DiHETEs were seen in presence of A beta (81% and 74%) in the cortex. Moreover, 11,12-EET production was decreased to similar to 70% of vehicle in both cortex and hippocampus. Epoxygenase activity in

the cultured astrocytes and neurons also showed reduction in total EET and DiHETE production (to 80% and similar to 70% of vehicle respectively) in presence of Ap. Altogether, our data suggest that A beta reduces epoxygenase activity differentially in a region-specific and cell-specific manner. The reduction of cytoprotective EETs by A beta in the cerebrum may make it more prone to degeneration than the cerebellum. Further understanding of these interactions will improve our ability to protect against the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Continent catheterizable channels for emptying the bladder are typically performed via an open surgical approach.

175-0.503 nmol/min/mg of ALDH3A1), and K-m values of 4.01, 46.5, 818 and 5.75 x 10(3) mu M, respectively. However, activation of isosorbide-5-mononitrate (IS-5-MN) by ALDH3A1 was undetectable in vitro. ALDH3A1

was also shown to denitrate NTG, producing primarily glyceryl 1,2-dinitrate (1,2-GDN) in preference to glyceryl 1,3-dinitrate (1,3-GDN). Therefore, ALDH3A1 may contribute to the bioactivation of ORNs in vivo. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Hyperactivity ASP2215 in vivo of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and increased levels of glucocorticoid hormones in patients with depression have mostly been ascribed to impaired feedback regulation of the HPA axis, possibly caused by altered function of the receptor for glucocorticoid hormones, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Antidepressants, in turn, ameliorate many of the neurobiological disturbances in depression, including HPA axis hyperactivity, and thereby alleviate depressive symptoms. There is strong evidence for the notion that antidepressants exert these effects by modulating the GR. Such modulations, however, can be manifold and range from regulation of receptor expression to post-translational modifications, which

may result in differences in GR nuclear translocation and GR-dependent gene transcription. The idea that the therapeutic action of antidepressants is mediated, at least in part, by restoring GR function, is consistent with studies showing that decreased GR function contributes to MK-0518 molecular weight HPA axis hyperactivity and to the development of depressive symptoms. Conversely, excessive glucocorticoid signalling, which requires an active GR, is associated

with functional impairments in the depressed brain, especially in the hippocampus, where it results in reduced neurogenesis and impaired neuroplasticity. In this review, we will focus on the GR as a key player in the precipitation, development and resolution of depression. We will discuss potential explanations for the apparent controversy between glucocorticoid resistance www.selleck.co.jp/products/BIBF1120.html and the detrimental effects of excessive glucocorticoid signalling. We will review some of the evidence for modulation of the GR by antidepressants and we will provide further insight into how antidepressants may regulate the GR to overcome depressive symptoms. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: This study determined the incidence and characteristics of recurrent disease after femoropopliteal angioplasty, following either selective or routine stenting of diseased site(s).

Methods: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database for femoropopliteal interventions from June 2003 to July 2010 was performed.